Sample Exercise 20.1 Identifying Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
... is spontaneous. A solution containing K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 is poured into one beaker, and a solution of KI is poured into another. A salt bridge is used to join the beakers. A metallic conductor that will not react with either solution (such as platinum foil) is suspended in each solution, and the two ...
... is spontaneous. A solution containing K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 is poured into one beaker, and a solution of KI is poured into another. A salt bridge is used to join the beakers. A metallic conductor that will not react with either solution (such as platinum foil) is suspended in each solution, and the two ...
Ultrastructure and Function of Cephalopod Chromatophores
... SYNOPSIS. Each chromatophore organ consists of a pigment cell and of several radial muscle fibers that represent separate cells. The pigment granules are contained within an elastic sacculus within the pigment cell. The sacculus is attached around the equator of the chromatophore to the cell membran ...
... SYNOPSIS. Each chromatophore organ consists of a pigment cell and of several radial muscle fibers that represent separate cells. The pigment granules are contained within an elastic sacculus within the pigment cell. The sacculus is attached around the equator of the chromatophore to the cell membran ...
The neuroepithelial basement membrane serves as a boundary and
... Figure 1 FBMNs undergo a change in velocity upon contact with the Laminin-containing ventral basement membrane. (A) A maximum intensity projection of a confocal Z-stack of a tg(hoxb1aBAC:mRFP1); tg(isl1:GFP) double transgenic embryo at 48 hpf reveals that most Isl1:GFP positive neurons in both r6 an ...
... Figure 1 FBMNs undergo a change in velocity upon contact with the Laminin-containing ventral basement membrane. (A) A maximum intensity projection of a confocal Z-stack of a tg(hoxb1aBAC:mRFP1); tg(isl1:GFP) double transgenic embryo at 48 hpf reveals that most Isl1:GFP positive neurons in both r6 an ...
Chapter 7 Body Systems
... Allow the rapid transport of small organelles (Figure 12-7) – Vesicles (some containing neurotransmitters), mitochondria – Motor molecules shuttle organelles to and from the far ends of a neuron ...
... Allow the rapid transport of small organelles (Figure 12-7) – Vesicles (some containing neurotransmitters), mitochondria – Motor molecules shuttle organelles to and from the far ends of a neuron ...
Cable and Compartmental Models of Dendritic Trees
... ri , membrane resistivity rm and membrane capacitance cm for a unit length of cable having some fixed diameter. If we want to describe the cable properties in terms of the cable diameter, or we wish to make a compartmental model of a dendrite based on short sections of length l (Sec. 5.5), we will n ...
... ri , membrane resistivity rm and membrane capacitance cm for a unit length of cable having some fixed diameter. If we want to describe the cable properties in terms of the cable diameter, or we wish to make a compartmental model of a dendrite based on short sections of length l (Sec. 5.5), we will n ...
- TestbankU
... Sometimes, it is helpful to take concepts that students are unfamiliar with and place them in a more familiar context. Remind the students that these are models and may not work the same as the real thing, but you can get past some cognitive barriers by making connections to the student’s current ex ...
... Sometimes, it is helpful to take concepts that students are unfamiliar with and place them in a more familiar context. Remind the students that these are models and may not work the same as the real thing, but you can get past some cognitive barriers by making connections to the student’s current ex ...
Perforated Eardrum
... eardrum resulting in a perforation. In this circumstance, there may be infected or bloody drainage from the ear. In medical terms, this is called otitis media with perforation. On rare occasions a small hole may remain in the eardrum after a previously placed P.E. tube (pressure equalizing) either f ...
... eardrum resulting in a perforation. In this circumstance, there may be infected or bloody drainage from the ear. In medical terms, this is called otitis media with perforation. On rare occasions a small hole may remain in the eardrum after a previously placed P.E. tube (pressure equalizing) either f ...
from ups
... 2.3. Criteria for the identification of antidromic actiÕation When intracellularly recorded, antidromic action potentials could be unambiguously identified by their constant latency and by the absence of an underlying EPSP. Identification of antidromic action potentials was further facilitated by th ...
... 2.3. Criteria for the identification of antidromic actiÕation When intracellularly recorded, antidromic action potentials could be unambiguously identified by their constant latency and by the absence of an underlying EPSP. Identification of antidromic action potentials was further facilitated by th ...
resting membrane potential
... • A solution must have an equal number of positive and negative charges overall, but they can be unevenly distributed, with one region more positive and another more negative • Even when separated, they will tend to flow back toward each other (electric potential, or voltage) • When the oppositely c ...
... • A solution must have an equal number of positive and negative charges overall, but they can be unevenly distributed, with one region more positive and another more negative • Even when separated, they will tend to flow back toward each other (electric potential, or voltage) • When the oppositely c ...
Fine Gating Properties of Channels Responsible for Persistent
... a b s t r a c t The gating properties of channels responsible for the generation of persistent Na current (INaP) in entorhinal cortex layer II principal neurons were investigated by performing cell-attached, patch-clamp experiments in acutely isolated cells. Voltage-gated Na-channel activity was r ...
... a b s t r a c t The gating properties of channels responsible for the generation of persistent Na current (INaP) in entorhinal cortex layer II principal neurons were investigated by performing cell-attached, patch-clamp experiments in acutely isolated cells. Voltage-gated Na-channel activity was r ...
distribution of leucine-3h during axoplasmic
... the newts kept in finger bowls . Newts tolerated this procedure remarkably well with little mortality and were active and feeding within 1 day after the operation . Animals in which there was subsequent paralysis of an arm were not used . The labeled leucine solution was infused into the exposed spi ...
... the newts kept in finger bowls . Newts tolerated this procedure remarkably well with little mortality and were active and feeding within 1 day after the operation . Animals in which there was subsequent paralysis of an arm were not used . The labeled leucine solution was infused into the exposed spi ...
The elusive crypt olfactory receptor neuron
... and digitalized with pClamp software (Axon Instruments, Union City, CA, USA) at a sampling rate of 20 kHz. Odorants and reagents were supplied to the cells with a custom-built picospritzer connected to a triple-barreled stimulus pipette (WPI), as described previously in detail (Schmachtenberg and Ba ...
... and digitalized with pClamp software (Axon Instruments, Union City, CA, USA) at a sampling rate of 20 kHz. Odorants and reagents were supplied to the cells with a custom-built picospritzer connected to a triple-barreled stimulus pipette (WPI), as described previously in detail (Schmachtenberg and Ba ...
Modeling stability in neuron and network function: the role of activity
... systematic relationship among these measured current densities.(4,25) Moreover, the measured Kþ current densities in IC neurons changed as a function of activity over several hours.(27) This demonstrates that a cell’s recent history of activity may alter the conductances that are measured in a typic ...
... systematic relationship among these measured current densities.(4,25) Moreover, the measured Kþ current densities in IC neurons changed as a function of activity over several hours.(27) This demonstrates that a cell’s recent history of activity may alter the conductances that are measured in a typic ...
Voltage-Dependent Switching of Sensorimotor Integration by a
... delayed-rectifier K ⫹ current, and virtually no A-current (HarrisWarrick and Johnson, 1987; Graubard and Hartline, 1991; Golowasch and Marder, 1992; Kiehn and Harris-Warrick, 1992). The net hyperpolarization-activated inward current was recorded from a holding potential of ⫺50 mV with a series of 5 ...
... delayed-rectifier K ⫹ current, and virtually no A-current (HarrisWarrick and Johnson, 1987; Graubard and Hartline, 1991; Golowasch and Marder, 1992; Kiehn and Harris-Warrick, 1992). The net hyperpolarization-activated inward current was recorded from a holding potential of ⫺50 mV with a series of 5 ...
To maintain homeostasis, cells must work together in a co
... them. Insulators have high resistance and greatly hinder movement of charge. The plastic surrounding electrical wires has high resistance, as do body lipids. Thus current does not flow across the plasma membrane’s lipid bilayer. Current, carried by ions, can move across the membrane only through ion ...
... them. Insulators have high resistance and greatly hinder movement of charge. The plastic surrounding electrical wires has high resistance, as do body lipids. Thus current does not flow across the plasma membrane’s lipid bilayer. Current, carried by ions, can move across the membrane only through ion ...
Synaptic Transmission 1
... – At many synapses, N is not large, and so the Poisson would not apply, strictly, even if [Ca2+]o were reduced. – Note, however, that in practice, it does work, as long as p is small. ...
... – At many synapses, N is not large, and so the Poisson would not apply, strictly, even if [Ca2+]o were reduced. – Note, however, that in practice, it does work, as long as p is small. ...
Biological constraints limit the use of rapamycin
... Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain ...
... Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain ...
A) Sn4+ → Sn2+ + 2e
... A) Br 2 will oxidize the chloride ion, but not the iodide ion. B) Br2 will oxidize the iodide ion, but not the chloride ion. C) I 2 will oxidize the chloride ion, but not the bromide ion. D) I 2 will oxidize the chloride ion, but not the bromide ion. E) Cl 2 will oxidize the bromide ion, but not the ...
... A) Br 2 will oxidize the chloride ion, but not the iodide ion. B) Br2 will oxidize the iodide ion, but not the chloride ion. C) I 2 will oxidize the chloride ion, but not the bromide ion. D) I 2 will oxidize the chloride ion, but not the bromide ion. E) Cl 2 will oxidize the bromide ion, but not the ...
Osmolarity, Osmotic Pressure, and Osmosis
... 1. Osmolarity is the concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution. It is calculated as the product of solute concentration (e.g., in mmol/L) times the number of particles per mole in solution (i.e., whether the solute dissociates in solution). The extent of this dissociation is descri ...
... 1. Osmolarity is the concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution. It is calculated as the product of solute concentration (e.g., in mmol/L) times the number of particles per mole in solution (i.e., whether the solute dissociates in solution). The extent of this dissociation is descri ...
Aggregation of Sodium Channels during Development and
... membrane potential of the patch more negative than that of the cell. This “holding potential” was applied for several minutes before recording in order to remove slow inactivation of NaChs (Almers et al., 1983). Depolarizing pulses (4 msec) of different step sizes were then applied until the maximum ...
... membrane potential of the patch more negative than that of the cell. This “holding potential” was applied for several minutes before recording in order to remove slow inactivation of NaChs (Almers et al., 1983). Depolarizing pulses (4 msec) of different step sizes were then applied until the maximum ...
Regulation of Action-Potential Firing in Spiny Neurons of the Rat
... were not observed to fire action potentials before penetration and that did not fire at least once during 90-s periods recorded after the cell had stabilized were classified as ‘‘silent’’ spiny cells (Wilson and Groves 1981). Neurons that fired once or more during this period were classified as ‘‘sp ...
... were not observed to fire action potentials before penetration and that did not fire at least once during 90-s periods recorded after the cell had stabilized were classified as ‘‘silent’’ spiny cells (Wilson and Groves 1981). Neurons that fired once or more during this period were classified as ‘‘sp ...
Regulation of Action-Potential Firing in Spiny Neurons of the Rat
... but the reason for their differences in firing activity are unknown. We compared properties of spontaneously firing and silent spiny neurons in urethan-anesthetized rats. Neurons were identified as spiny projection neurons after labeling by intracellular injection of biocytin. The threshold for acti ...
... but the reason for their differences in firing activity are unknown. We compared properties of spontaneously firing and silent spiny neurons in urethan-anesthetized rats. Neurons were identified as spiny projection neurons after labeling by intracellular injection of biocytin. The threshold for acti ...
Axons, but not cell bodies, are activated by electrical stimulation in
... duration relationship). We first established strength-duration curves for eliciting antidromic action potentials with extracellular stimulation (in which case the neuronal element activated was the axon). We then established strength-duration curves for eliciting action potentials with intracellular ...
... duration relationship). We first established strength-duration curves for eliciting antidromic action potentials with extracellular stimulation (in which case the neuronal element activated was the axon). We then established strength-duration curves for eliciting action potentials with intracellular ...
Ion Channels in Bursting Neurons
... in these regions often contain a much larger set of ionic conductances. Furthermore, the individual properties of these conductances are often customized to support the function a particular cell plays in the network in which it is found. As we show, these conductances can be quite rich and their in ...
... in these regions often contain a much larger set of ionic conductances. Furthermore, the individual properties of these conductances are often customized to support the function a particular cell plays in the network in which it is found. As we show, these conductances can be quite rich and their in ...
Patch clamp
The patch clamp technique is a laboratory technique in electrophysiology that allows the study of single or multiple ion channels in cells. The technique can be applied to a wide variety of cells, but is especially useful in the study of excitable cells such as neurons, cardiomyocytes, muscle fibers, and pancreatic beta cells. It can also be applied to the study of bacterial ion channels in specially prepared giant spheroplasts.The patch clamp technique is a refinement of the voltage clamp. Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann developed the patch clamp in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This discovery made it possible to record the currents of single ion channel molecules for the first time, which improved understanding of the involvement of channels in fundamental cell processes such as action potentials and nerve activity. Neher and Sakmann received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1991 for this work.