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Center for Marine Environmental Sciences
... than two decades. Environmental physicists at MARUM investigate the role of Saharan dust in the climate system. These scientists determine the extent to which dust particles in the atmosphere diminish the strength of solar radiation reaching the Earth`s surface. They can estimate how much dust is be ...
... than two decades. Environmental physicists at MARUM investigate the role of Saharan dust in the climate system. These scientists determine the extent to which dust particles in the atmosphere diminish the strength of solar radiation reaching the Earth`s surface. They can estimate how much dust is be ...
47 In nature there is a wide variety of sedimentary rocks and each
... that makes up the rocks. All sedimentary rocks are composed of the products of “weathering”, the process that causes the physical and/or chemical breakdown of a pre-existing rock (termed a source rock). These “products” include detrital grains (chemically stable grains) and material in solution. Det ...
... that makes up the rocks. All sedimentary rocks are composed of the products of “weathering”, the process that causes the physical and/or chemical breakdown of a pre-existing rock (termed a source rock). These “products” include detrital grains (chemically stable grains) and material in solution. Det ...
Science Standard 5 Earth`s Dynamic Systems Grade Level
... Earth’s dynamic systems are made up of the solid earth (geosphere), the oceans, lakes, rivers, glaciers and ice sheets (hydrosphere), the atmosphere, and organisms (biosphere). Interactions among these spheres have resulted in ongoing changes to the system. Some of these changes can be measured on a ...
... Earth’s dynamic systems are made up of the solid earth (geosphere), the oceans, lakes, rivers, glaciers and ice sheets (hydrosphere), the atmosphere, and organisms (biosphere). Interactions among these spheres have resulted in ongoing changes to the system. Some of these changes can be measured on a ...
Physical Geography
... Geomorphology is the scientific study of the surface of a planet and those processes responsible for forming it. Scientists involved in this field often study historical changes, through events such as erosion, in order to understand how a particular geographical region came into existence. They may ...
... Geomorphology is the scientific study of the surface of a planet and those processes responsible for forming it. Scientists involved in this field often study historical changes, through events such as erosion, in order to understand how a particular geographical region came into existence. They may ...
Worldwide distribution of ages of the continental lithosphere derived
... and Jaupart (2004) conducted detailed measurements on the Canadian Shield and found large changes in surface heat flow that they attributed to variations in crustal heat production. They claimed that surface heat flow measurements do not constrain the temporal evolution of temperature within lithosphe ...
... and Jaupart (2004) conducted detailed measurements on the Canadian Shield and found large changes in surface heat flow that they attributed to variations in crustal heat production. They claimed that surface heat flow measurements do not constrain the temporal evolution of temperature within lithosphe ...
Surface Waves
... Surface waves have been known about for many decades and quite in-depth research took place up until ~1960s . Since then, little work has been done in this area. It is unclear why, however today we have more powerful modelling methods which may enable us to understand their use better. It is known t ...
... Surface waves have been known about for many decades and quite in-depth research took place up until ~1960s . Since then, little work has been done in this area. It is unclear why, however today we have more powerful modelling methods which may enable us to understand their use better. It is known t ...
Gauss`s Law for Spherical Symmetry
... charges, Gauss’s law is formulated in terms of continuous charge distributions. Although either of these laws can be derived from the other, it is easier to derive Coulomb’s law from Gauss’s law than the other way around, and that makes us think of Gauss’s law as the more basic form. Furthermore, it ...
... charges, Gauss’s law is formulated in terms of continuous charge distributions. Although either of these laws can be derived from the other, it is easier to derive Coulomb’s law from Gauss’s law than the other way around, and that makes us think of Gauss’s law as the more basic form. Furthermore, it ...
Issue 43 - New Concepts in Global Tectonics
... he movement of the Earth’s surface is commonly explained by plate tectonics. This hypothesis is treated as a “proven theory” not only in research organizations, but also in high-school textbooks and even in university entrance examinations. According to plate tectonics, the Earth’s surface is covere ...
... he movement of the Earth’s surface is commonly explained by plate tectonics. This hypothesis is treated as a “proven theory” not only in research organizations, but also in high-school textbooks and even in university entrance examinations. According to plate tectonics, the Earth’s surface is covere ...
Tectonics and human evolution
... one of the largest in the world, creating distinctive and topographically complex landscapes of fault-bounded basins, uplifted terrain, and ubiquitous volcanoes and lava fields that provided the local conditions for human survival. That it is also home to some of the most numerous and extensive finds ...
... one of the largest in the world, creating distinctive and topographically complex landscapes of fault-bounded basins, uplifted terrain, and ubiquitous volcanoes and lava fields that provided the local conditions for human survival. That it is also home to some of the most numerous and extensive finds ...
Electricity and Magnetism Gauss`s Law Electric Potential Energy
... Electric Flux The electric flux, ΦE , through an area A is ΦE = EA cos θ where θ is the angle between the electric field vector at the surface and the normal vector to the surface. This can be written: ΦE = E · A The direction of A is ⊥ to the surface, and the magnitude is the area of the surface. ...
... Electric Flux The electric flux, ΦE , through an area A is ΦE = EA cos θ where θ is the angle between the electric field vector at the surface and the normal vector to the surface. This can be written: ΦE = E · A The direction of A is ⊥ to the surface, and the magnitude is the area of the surface. ...
Steady state, erosional continuity, and the topography of landscapes
... layered rocks would tend toward erosional continuity. If the upper layer retreats slower than the lower layer in the direction of the contact, this produces a steep, or possibly overhanging, land surface at the contact (Fig. 2a). This steepening or undercutting will lead to faster vertical erosion i ...
... layered rocks would tend toward erosional continuity. If the upper layer retreats slower than the lower layer in the direction of the contact, this produces a steep, or possibly overhanging, land surface at the contact (Fig. 2a). This steepening or undercutting will lead to faster vertical erosion i ...
Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics
... The layer of the Earth between the crust and the core is the mantle. The mantle is much thicker than the crust. It contains most of the Earth’s mass. The mantle contains more magnesium and less aluminum than the crust. This makes the mantle denser than the crust. No one has ever visited the mantle. ...
... The layer of the Earth between the crust and the core is the mantle. The mantle is much thicker than the crust. It contains most of the Earth’s mass. The mantle contains more magnesium and less aluminum than the crust. This makes the mantle denser than the crust. No one has ever visited the mantle. ...
Dynamic elevation of the Cordillera, western United States
... standard error ≤ 18 m [U.S. Geological Survey, 1993]. The total standard error in the surface process elevation estimate is the rootmean-square (RMS) sum of these two sources of error. Surface process elevation that is less than the one-sigma error is represented in Plate 3a as white with contours, ...
... standard error ≤ 18 m [U.S. Geological Survey, 1993]. The total standard error in the surface process elevation estimate is the rootmean-square (RMS) sum of these two sources of error. Surface process elevation that is less than the one-sigma error is represented in Plate 3a as white with contours, ...
Geology G
... GEOL 121 (4) Physical Geology Physical geology is the study of how the earth works. From mountain building to soil erosion, this course provides an introduction to all the main areas of geologic study. Lecture discussions and laboratory exercises are designed for students seeking a major or minor in ...
... GEOL 121 (4) Physical Geology Physical geology is the study of how the earth works. From mountain building to soil erosion, this course provides an introduction to all the main areas of geologic study. Lecture discussions and laboratory exercises are designed for students seeking a major or minor in ...
Shaping mobile belts by small-scale convection
... comprised of a mosaic of microplates that move and deform independently from the overall plate convergence4. Surface expressions of Mediterranean tectonics include deep, subsiding backarc basins, intraplate plateaux and uplifting orogenic belts. Although the kinematics of the area are now fairly wel ...
... comprised of a mosaic of microplates that move and deform independently from the overall plate convergence4. Surface expressions of Mediterranean tectonics include deep, subsiding backarc basins, intraplate plateaux and uplifting orogenic belts. Although the kinematics of the area are now fairly wel ...
Gondwana Park draft1corr
... mining, quarrying and for building homes and cities or centers for tourism is intimately related to the underlying rocks, soils and landforms. The record of the Earth’s history is surprisingly fragile. It must be conserved so that future generations can enjoy it and further understanding of it for t ...
... mining, quarrying and for building homes and cities or centers for tourism is intimately related to the underlying rocks, soils and landforms. The record of the Earth’s history is surprisingly fragile. It must be conserved so that future generations can enjoy it and further understanding of it for t ...
Geophysical imaging reveals topographic stress control of bedrock
... propagation of the weathered zone depends on the balance between mineral reaction kinetics and groundwater residence times (2, 6). These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, and both emphasize the importance of fluid flow through bedrock. This implies that the development of fracture systems, whic ...
... propagation of the weathered zone depends on the balance between mineral reaction kinetics and groundwater residence times (2, 6). These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, and both emphasize the importance of fluid flow through bedrock. This implies that the development of fracture systems, whic ...
Arc Magmatic Tempos: Gathering the Evidence
... Periods when there is a high magma addition rate (MAR) to arcs are termed flare-ups; these are separated by periods of low MAR, termed lulls. Interestingly, flare-ups and lulls display apparent wave-like patterns of waxing and waning magmatism (FIG. 1C). This pattern has inspired scientists to exami ...
... Periods when there is a high magma addition rate (MAR) to arcs are termed flare-ups; these are separated by periods of low MAR, termed lulls. Interestingly, flare-ups and lulls display apparent wave-like patterns of waxing and waning magmatism (FIG. 1C). This pattern has inspired scientists to exami ...
Ch 4 PPT - Blountstown Middle School
... • Or, as the lava cools and forms new crust, it cracks and the rocks move up or down along these cracks in the seafloor, forming jagged mountain ranges. • The abyssal plain, the smooth part of the seafloor, is made when the layer of sediment that accumulates far from the ...
... • Or, as the lava cools and forms new crust, it cracks and the rocks move up or down along these cracks in the seafloor, forming jagged mountain ranges. • The abyssal plain, the smooth part of the seafloor, is made when the layer of sediment that accumulates far from the ...
Nature and origin of Lofdal Carbonatite associated REE Deposit
... its resources therefore creating artificial shortage in the world, intensive exploration for REE, comprising La-Lu+Y, Sc (Lottermoser, 1992), has increased. Lofdal intrusive complex, located in northwestern Namibia, currently explored by Namibia Rare Earths Inc. (NRE) shows striking high concentrati ...
... its resources therefore creating artificial shortage in the world, intensive exploration for REE, comprising La-Lu+Y, Sc (Lottermoser, 1992), has increased. Lofdal intrusive complex, located in northwestern Namibia, currently explored by Namibia Rare Earths Inc. (NRE) shows striking high concentrati ...
The Rock Cycle
... At the same time, it is important to note that the Earth is also the ultimate recycler – any of the three rock classes can be changed into any of the other rock classes. These tranformations are commonly illustrated as a ROCK ...
... At the same time, it is important to note that the Earth is also the ultimate recycler – any of the three rock classes can be changed into any of the other rock classes. These tranformations are commonly illustrated as a ROCK ...
Driving the upper plate surface deformation by slab
... the upper plate from below. These results highlight the active role of the asthenospheric flow in driving the surface strain, not only by modulating the vertical stresses and producing dynamic topography but also through sub-horizontal motion. We discuss the implications of these findings based on obs ...
... the upper plate from below. These results highlight the active role of the asthenospheric flow in driving the surface strain, not only by modulating the vertical stresses and producing dynamic topography but also through sub-horizontal motion. We discuss the implications of these findings based on obs ...
Post glacial rebounds measure the viscosity of the lithosphere
... concluded that warmer weather melted a great amount of ice on the earth’s surface, causing huge mass redistribution. The lithosphere responded to this mass redistribution with deformation, which can be characterized by time-altitude graphs, where the altitude is compared to the eustatic sea-level. P ...
... concluded that warmer weather melted a great amount of ice on the earth’s surface, causing huge mass redistribution. The lithosphere responded to this mass redistribution with deformation, which can be characterized by time-altitude graphs, where the altitude is compared to the eustatic sea-level. P ...
I. Electric flux
... second definition of flux but first we must make two significant points. 1. The total amount of flux is equal to the product of (flux/area) times area. 2. The electric field components perpendicular to the surface area are the only ones that count for total flux. In order to accomplish this the vect ...
... second definition of flux but first we must make two significant points. 1. The total amount of flux is equal to the product of (flux/area) times area. 2. The electric field components perpendicular to the surface area are the only ones that count for total flux. In order to accomplish this the vect ...
comparing spatial pattern in unaltered old
... within ‘the intact landscape but has been obscured by human activity in the disturbed landscape. Important ecosystem juxtapositions of the old-growth landscape, such as hemlock with lowland conifers, have been lost in the disturbed landscape. In addition, significant landscape heterogeneity in this ...
... within ‘the intact landscape but has been obscured by human activity in the disturbed landscape. Important ecosystem juxtapositions of the old-growth landscape, such as hemlock with lowland conifers, have been lost in the disturbed landscape. In addition, significant landscape heterogeneity in this ...
Geomorphology
Geomorphology (from Greek: γῆ, ge, ""earth""; μορφή, morfé, ""form""; and λόγος, logos, ""study"") is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical or chemical processes operating at or near the earth's surface. Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform history and dynamics and to predict changes through a combination of field observations, physical experiments and numerical modeling. Geomorphology is practiced within physical geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology, archaeology and geotechnical engineering. This broad base of interests contributes to many research styles and interests within the field.