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Chapter 12
Chapter 12

... composer of a literary, musical, dramatic, or artistic work. Because these rights can be sold, patents and copyrights don’t always create a monopoly, but they do restrict competition. b) Natural barriers to entry create a natural monopoly, which is an industry in which one firm can supply the entire ...
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... • Quantity supplied is the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell. • Law of Supply • The quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises. ...
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... Once the market model is understood and modeled, the model can be used to explore the effects of all kinds of events and policies. It is important to keep in mind that, as one changes the variables in the model, only one should be changed at a time. Otherwise, too much will happen at once and the ca ...
Local Demand, Investment Multipliers, and Industrialization: Theory
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Foundations of Economics, 3e (Bade/Parkin)
Foundations of Economics, 3e (Bade/Parkin)

... Answer: Because one farmer's beef is identical to another farmer's, each farmer's beef is a perfect substitute for all other farmers' beef. In addition, there are over one million ranchers in the United States. As a result, no individual rancher can impact the market price by increasing or decreasin ...
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Chapter 3
Chapter 3

... Is point B efficient? Is point B attainable? Point B is attainable, and is efficient, meaning more of one good cannot be produced without producing less of something else. Points C and D are also efficient production levels. Unemployment equals its natural rate when the economy is its PPF. ...
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... equilibrium industry output to Q1 will (in the long run) change the equilibrium number of firms to n1 = Q1/q* • The change in the number of firms is Q1  Q0 ...
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Figure 1: Price Consumption Curve

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Chapters1through4-Answers
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Download File

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第四章PPT
第四章PPT

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Externality



In economics, an externality is the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit.For example, manufacturing activities that cause air pollution impose health and clean-up costs on the whole society, whereas the neighbors of an individual who chooses to fire-proof his home may benefit from a reduced risk of a fire spreading to their own houses. If external costs exist, such as pollution, the producer may choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if the producer were required to pay all associated environmental costs. Because responsibility or consequence for self-directed action lies partly outside the self, an element of externalization is involved. If there are external benefits, such as in public safety, less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others. For the purpose of these statements, overall cost and benefit to society is defined as the sum of the imputed monetary value of benefits and costs to all parties involved. Thus, unregulated markets in goods or services with significant externalities generate prices that do not reflect the full social cost or benefit of their transactions; such markets are therefore inefficient.
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