Ecological traits affect the sensitivity of bees to land‐use pressures
... important step towards effective conservation planning. 3. We collated occurrence and abundance data for 257 bee species at 1584 European sites from surveys reported in 30 published papers (70 056 records) and combined them with species-level ecological trait data. We used mixed-effects models to as ...
... important step towards effective conservation planning. 3. We collated occurrence and abundance data for 257 bee species at 1584 European sites from surveys reported in 30 published papers (70 056 records) and combined them with species-level ecological trait data. We used mixed-effects models to as ...
16-MagiH.pdf
... Considerable changes have taken place in the nesting bird-fauna of the Matsalu wetland. The most significant changes, noted on the islets, can be partly attributed to the inherent instability of the insular ecosystems, while some trends seem to be systematic. Successful species (Cormorant, Mute Swan ...
... Considerable changes have taken place in the nesting bird-fauna of the Matsalu wetland. The most significant changes, noted on the islets, can be partly attributed to the inherent instability of the insular ecosystems, while some trends seem to be systematic. Successful species (Cormorant, Mute Swan ...
Tenacity and the Wave-Exposure Gradient
... shores sampled here. However, intertidal animals in nature do not typically approach the theoretical size limits (Denny, 1999). These Littorina species seem to be no exception, since they fall well within the ranges of foot arealshell height and tenacity/foot area measured in many other, mostly larg ...
... shores sampled here. However, intertidal animals in nature do not typically approach the theoretical size limits (Denny, 1999). These Littorina species seem to be no exception, since they fall well within the ranges of foot arealshell height and tenacity/foot area measured in many other, mostly larg ...
as a PDF
... Gaudichaud-Beaupré (Myrtaceae)], and similar topographic position, elevation, average annual temperature and precipitation, land use history (Crews et al., 1995; Gruner & Polhemus, 2003), and soils were derived from volcanic ash (tephra) on the original shield surface (Lockwood et al., 1988). Sites ...
... Gaudichaud-Beaupré (Myrtaceae)], and similar topographic position, elevation, average annual temperature and precipitation, land use history (Crews et al., 1995; Gruner & Polhemus, 2003), and soils were derived from volcanic ash (tephra) on the original shield surface (Lockwood et al., 1988). Sites ...
Interactions 1 in Ecosystems - Kossmann
... challenging environment is the home of the African lion, shown in FIGURE 1.1. Here, lions stalk through tall grass to hunt zebras and antelope, find places to rest in the shade of trees, and never stray far from valuable pools of water. These are just a few of the environmental features that make up ...
... challenging environment is the home of the African lion, shown in FIGURE 1.1. Here, lions stalk through tall grass to hunt zebras and antelope, find places to rest in the shade of trees, and never stray far from valuable pools of water. These are just a few of the environmental features that make up ...
Sciurus carolinensis, Eastern Gray Squirrel
... Home range averages 0.5-10 ha, with older males tending to have the largest ranges (Teaford 1986); usually home range is less than five hectares (Koprowski 1994). Not territorial, home range overlap is extensive; social system is characterized by a linear dominance hierarchy. Disperses up to a few k ...
... Home range averages 0.5-10 ha, with older males tending to have the largest ranges (Teaford 1986); usually home range is less than five hectares (Koprowski 1994). Not territorial, home range overlap is extensive; social system is characterized by a linear dominance hierarchy. Disperses up to a few k ...
Ecological Consequences of Doubling the Atmospheric CO2
... a few years to several decades, or up to several centuries in some cases). The effects of a 2xCO2 regime on the intraspecific and interspecific interactions of organisms are likely to be very complex and are not well understood at this point. In an experiment with annual plants (Bazzaz 1990), elevat ...
... a few years to several decades, or up to several centuries in some cases). The effects of a 2xCO2 regime on the intraspecific and interspecific interactions of organisms are likely to be very complex and are not well understood at this point. In an experiment with annual plants (Bazzaz 1990), elevat ...
1 What is biodiversity?
... (cf. Table 1.2). As a result of the variety of elements of biodiversity, and of differences between them, there is no single all-embracing measure of biodiversity – nor will there ever be one! This means that it is impossible to state categorically what is the biodiversity of an area or of a group o ...
... (cf. Table 1.2). As a result of the variety of elements of biodiversity, and of differences between them, there is no single all-embracing measure of biodiversity – nor will there ever be one! This means that it is impossible to state categorically what is the biodiversity of an area or of a group o ...
Seed dispersal strategies and the threat of defaunation in a Congo
... Recent studies indicate that seed dispersal plays a prominent role in recruitment limitation, gene flow, metapopulation dynamics, colonisation potential and plant migration in response to past and future climate change, maintenance of biodiversity, and more (Schupp et al. 2010). As predicted by mode ...
... Recent studies indicate that seed dispersal plays a prominent role in recruitment limitation, gene flow, metapopulation dynamics, colonisation potential and plant migration in response to past and future climate change, maintenance of biodiversity, and more (Schupp et al. 2010). As predicted by mode ...
Partitioning of space and food resources by three fish of the genus
... (PP, HP and ScW), and its maximum feeding rate was on the sciaphilic walls (45.7 bites 1 5 m i n 14 m-'), which was significantly higher than its feeding rates in the other habitats ( l - w a y ANOVA, F = 15.54, df = 4 , p < 0.001; Tukey HSD test. p < 0.001).The use of habitats as a function of size ...
... (PP, HP and ScW), and its maximum feeding rate was on the sciaphilic walls (45.7 bites 1 5 m i n 14 m-'), which was significantly higher than its feeding rates in the other habitats ( l - w a y ANOVA, F = 15.54, df = 4 , p < 0.001; Tukey HSD test. p < 0.001).The use of habitats as a function of size ...
Schiel—Algal interactions on subtidal reefs
... some members of shallow populations possessing fertile sori from May to late November (Novaczek 1984b). Recruits (about 5 mm in length) appear from September to late December with peak numbers during October to November. Landsburgia plants are fertile from July to late December. Recruits appear from ...
... some members of shallow populations possessing fertile sori from May to late November (Novaczek 1984b). Recruits (about 5 mm in length) appear from September to late December with peak numbers during October to November. Landsburgia plants are fertile from July to late December. Recruits appear from ...
Rain forest promotes trophic interactions and diversity of
... Steffan-Dewenter & Tscharntke 2003; Kremen et al. 2004; Ricketts et al. 2004). Predatory wasps may reduce the number of pest caterpillars by using certain pest species as food for their larvae (Harris 1994), but also attack beneficial predators such as spiders (see also Wearing & Harris 1999). The p ...
... Steffan-Dewenter & Tscharntke 2003; Kremen et al. 2004; Ricketts et al. 2004). Predatory wasps may reduce the number of pest caterpillars by using certain pest species as food for their larvae (Harris 1994), but also attack beneficial predators such as spiders (see also Wearing & Harris 1999). The p ...
Invasiveness Does Not Predict Impact: Response of Native Land
... with a maximum distance of 279.5 km were located in floodplain forests, in alluvia of six rivers of the lower Elbe catchment area in the western part of the Czech Republic, Central Europe (see Supporting Information, Table S1). For each of the four invasive plant taxa, one pair of 10610 m plots was ...
... with a maximum distance of 279.5 km were located in floodplain forests, in alluvia of six rivers of the lower Elbe catchment area in the western part of the Czech Republic, Central Europe (see Supporting Information, Table S1). For each of the four invasive plant taxa, one pair of 10610 m plots was ...
Landscape Issues for Wildlife
... – Anthropogenic food available in these settings – Rate of predation on other birds’ nests is highest closest to such edges in our study area ...
... – Anthropogenic food available in these settings – Rate of predation on other birds’ nests is highest closest to such edges in our study area ...
Benefits of biodiversity
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Species evenness and invasion resistance of
... study, and whereas most richness invasibility experiments have also been single-season in length, they have been conducted at larger scales in the field (Hector et al. 2001). On the other hand, the diversity effects of resident vegetation are expected to play out at the localized scale of plant nei ...
... study, and whereas most richness invasibility experiments have also been single-season in length, they have been conducted at larger scales in the field (Hector et al. 2001). On the other hand, the diversity effects of resident vegetation are expected to play out at the localized scale of plant nei ...
Felis nigripes, Black-footed Cat
... During a 6-year field study on the game farm in central South Africa, 1725 prey items were observed consumed by 17 free-ranging habituated black-footed cats. Average prey size was 24.1 g. Eight males fed on significantly larger prey (27.9 g) than 9 females (20.8 g). Fifty-four prey species were clas ...
... During a 6-year field study on the game farm in central South Africa, 1725 prey items were observed consumed by 17 free-ranging habituated black-footed cats. Average prey size was 24.1 g. Eight males fed on significantly larger prey (27.9 g) than 9 females (20.8 g). Fifty-four prey species were clas ...
BCB322: Landscape Ecology - University of Western Cape
... • May also be functional, & may separate areas of different maturity • Found at all scales, both temporal & spatial • Can be thought of as acting as “cell membranes” or barriers (Forman & Moore, 1992), ensuring active & passive transport between patches. • Previous ecological measures considered arc ...
... • May also be functional, & may separate areas of different maturity • Found at all scales, both temporal & spatial • Can be thought of as acting as “cell membranes” or barriers (Forman & Moore, 1992), ensuring active & passive transport between patches. • Previous ecological measures considered arc ...
migration - Princeton University
... lifetime (e.g., salmon) or only part of a circuit before they die, such as insects in which successive generations continue the journey their predecessors began. Should we exclude such species from the ‘‘migratory’’ category despite other aspects of behavior, physiology, and life history held in com ...
... lifetime (e.g., salmon) or only part of a circuit before they die, such as insects in which successive generations continue the journey their predecessors began. Should we exclude such species from the ‘‘migratory’’ category despite other aspects of behavior, physiology, and life history held in com ...
Infochemicals structure marine, terrestrial and freshwater food webs
... smelling like a well defended species. In Müllerian infochemical mimicry the odours resemble each other, but each species is well defended. In this case the signal would be more ‘honest’ or reliable with respect to the defense level behind it. If several prey species would use a similar odour to sig ...
... smelling like a well defended species. In Müllerian infochemical mimicry the odours resemble each other, but each species is well defended. In this case the signal would be more ‘honest’ or reliable with respect to the defense level behind it. If several prey species would use a similar odour to sig ...
10 The Conservation of Ecological Interactions
... are removed. This method allows ecologists to predict what happens to an ecological network when species go extinct. For example, does it have little effect on web structure or does it lead to a cascade of secondary extinctions? ...
... are removed. This method allows ecologists to predict what happens to an ecological network when species go extinct. For example, does it have little effect on web structure or does it lead to a cascade of secondary extinctions? ...
10-Landscape_Ecology
... Number of bird species on various islands of the East Indies in relation to area. The abscissa gives areas of the islands. The ordinate is the number of bird species breeding on each island. The number of species varies linearly with island size: log S = log c + zlogA, where S is the number of speci ...
... Number of bird species on various islands of the East Indies in relation to area. The abscissa gives areas of the islands. The ordinate is the number of bird species breeding on each island. The number of species varies linearly with island size: log S = log c + zlogA, where S is the number of speci ...
Comparative Population Ecology of Eleven Species
... much as possible to the new moon. On the night of trapping, the gates in the fences were closed so as to catch only those individuals resident on that particular plot. Forty-nine Sherman live traps (23 x 8 x 9 cm) baited with millet or mixed birdseed were set at permanent grid stakes spaced at 6.5-m ...
... much as possible to the new moon. On the night of trapping, the gates in the fences were closed so as to catch only those individuals resident on that particular plot. Forty-nine Sherman live traps (23 x 8 x 9 cm) baited with millet or mixed birdseed were set at permanent grid stakes spaced at 6.5-m ...
Populations, Their changes and Their measurement IB syllabus: 2.1
... Our ignorance of long term effects means we should be cautious Thus, “When there is considerable evidence that and activity threatens human and ecosystem health, we should take precautions to minimize harm, even if the effects are not fully known.” Better safe than sorry… The following succession in ...
... Our ignorance of long term effects means we should be cautious Thus, “When there is considerable evidence that and activity threatens human and ecosystem health, we should take precautions to minimize harm, even if the effects are not fully known.” Better safe than sorry… The following succession in ...
Island restoration
The ecological restoration of islands, or island restoration, is the application of the principles of ecological restoration to islands and island groups. Islands, due to their isolation, are home to many of the world's endemic species, as well as important breeding grounds for seabirds and some marine mammals. Their ecosystems are also very vulnerable to human disturbance and particularly to introduced species, due to their small size. Island groups such as New Zealand and Hawaii have undergone substantial extinctions and losses of habitat. Since the 1950s several organisations and government agencies around the world have worked to restore islands to their original states; New Zealand has used them to hold natural populations of species that would otherwise be unable to survive in the wild. The principal components of island restoration are the removal of introduced species and the reintroduction of native species.