Food Web Diameter: Two Degrees of Separation
... else”. Had we found a D larger than three, as in other complex, small-world networks12,30, the adage would have been undermined by the suggestion that substantial fractions of species are functionally isolated from one another. Our findings appear to make this possibility unlikely. Overall, the robu ...
... else”. Had we found a D larger than three, as in other complex, small-world networks12,30, the adage would have been undermined by the suggestion that substantial fractions of species are functionally isolated from one another. Our findings appear to make this possibility unlikely. Overall, the robu ...
Ecological succession - Northwest ISD Moodle
... Events that start primary succession typically cause drastic reductions in the populations of many organisms. Some populations may be eliminated entirely. After the event, conditions may be favorable for pioneer species. For example, the eruption of Mount Saint Helens killed off entire populations o ...
... Events that start primary succession typically cause drastic reductions in the populations of many organisms. Some populations may be eliminated entirely. After the event, conditions may be favorable for pioneer species. For example, the eruption of Mount Saint Helens killed off entire populations o ...
Cross-Cordillera exchange mediated by the Panama Canal
... dispersal, rather than by local processes such as competition and predation. Keywords: saturation; local and regional processes; competitive exclusion; species richness; biological invasions; biotic interchange 1. INTRODUCTION Patterns in natural communities have often been studied to understand the ...
... dispersal, rather than by local processes such as competition and predation. Keywords: saturation; local and regional processes; competitive exclusion; species richness; biological invasions; biotic interchange 1. INTRODUCTION Patterns in natural communities have often been studied to understand the ...
Explaining the global biodiversity gradient: energy, area, history and
... productivity or climate (there is strong statistical evidence for this), with the latitudinal width of the continents (insufficiently investigated as yet), and with the speciation rate (which may not vary in such a way as to produce a planetary gradient). According to the neutral, model biodiversity ...
... productivity or climate (there is strong statistical evidence for this), with the latitudinal width of the continents (insufficiently investigated as yet), and with the speciation rate (which may not vary in such a way as to produce a planetary gradient). According to the neutral, model biodiversity ...
Regional adaptation improves the performance of grassland plant
... their environment as demonstrated by reciprocal transplant experiments (Leimu & Fischer 2008). An advantage of local or regional plants and seeds mainly results from adaptation to factors such as climate, soil or land use (Macel et al. 2007; Raabova, Muenzbergova, & Fischer 2007). If plant species w ...
... their environment as demonstrated by reciprocal transplant experiments (Leimu & Fischer 2008). An advantage of local or regional plants and seeds mainly results from adaptation to factors such as climate, soil or land use (Macel et al. 2007; Raabova, Muenzbergova, & Fischer 2007). If plant species w ...
Edge effects of long-term glades on the invertebrate abundance and
... habitats throughout sub-Saharan Africa, especially in drier areas (Meg et al., 2002). It is a hardy plant that can regenerate quickly when cut or burnt (Noad & Bernie, 1989). We tested which factors might contribute to bush encroachment into two different habitats; heavily disturbed and livestock-gr ...
... habitats throughout sub-Saharan Africa, especially in drier areas (Meg et al., 2002). It is a hardy plant that can regenerate quickly when cut or burnt (Noad & Bernie, 1989). We tested which factors might contribute to bush encroachment into two different habitats; heavily disturbed and livestock-gr ...
Chapter 12 Communities and Populations Worksheets
... 3. Species that live in ____________ environments are likely to be K-selected. 4. Population ____________ may be clumped, random, or uniform. 5. The carrying capacity is the ____________ population size that can be supported in an area. 6. A ____________ curves represents the number of individuals s ...
... 3. Species that live in ____________ environments are likely to be K-selected. 4. Population ____________ may be clumped, random, or uniform. 5. The carrying capacity is the ____________ population size that can be supported in an area. 6. A ____________ curves represents the number of individuals s ...
Environmental niche divergence of species from
... total variation, and is negatively correlated with altitude data and positively correlated with temperature (Bio1, Bio6, Bio11). Environmental variability connected with temperature variables is explained by PC1, PC2 and PC4, while precipitation was connected to PC3 and PC5. PC1 depicted a gradient ...
... total variation, and is negatively correlated with altitude data and positively correlated with temperature (Bio1, Bio6, Bio11). Environmental variability connected with temperature variables is explained by PC1, PC2 and PC4, while precipitation was connected to PC3 and PC5. PC1 depicted a gradient ...
Why Marine Islands Are Farther Apart in the Tropics
... biochemical kinetics, and the energetic-equivalence rule. Science ...
... biochemical kinetics, and the energetic-equivalence rule. Science ...
Interrelation of geomorphology and fauna of Lavrado region in
... disperse scrubs and small trees. The ground is covered by grasses and grass-like plants (family Cyperaceae). Lines of palm trees (Mauritia flexuosa), known as buritizais, due to the popular name buriti (family Palmae) for the palm tree, is an important element of the lavrado landscape, starting in s ...
... disperse scrubs and small trees. The ground is covered by grasses and grass-like plants (family Cyperaceae). Lines of palm trees (Mauritia flexuosa), known as buritizais, due to the popular name buriti (family Palmae) for the palm tree, is an important element of the lavrado landscape, starting in s ...
Document
... Vancouver Island Marmots are slow to achieve sexual maturity. Most males and females do not breed until 4 years old, although two females are known to have bred when 2 years old. In most cases ...
... Vancouver Island Marmots are slow to achieve sexual maturity. Most males and females do not breed until 4 years old, although two females are known to have bred when 2 years old. In most cases ...
A comparison of the structure and composition of montane
... guidelines outlined by Campbell (1989); field work was conducted in 1990 and 1991. In each plot, all trees with a diameter at 1.3 m (diameter breast height or “dbh”) greater or equal to 10 cm were tagged, measured, identified, and catalogued. Trees with buttressed trunks or stilt roots were measured ...
... guidelines outlined by Campbell (1989); field work was conducted in 1990 and 1991. In each plot, all trees with a diameter at 1.3 m (diameter breast height or “dbh”) greater or equal to 10 cm were tagged, measured, identified, and catalogued. Trees with buttressed trunks or stilt roots were measured ...
Title: A new idea on the evolution of biodiversity
... coexistence mediated by predators and mutualistic networks), this definition points out that all the interactions within food webs can allow the coexistence of many species in the same environment, due to their variability and complexity that influence the abundance of populations, the intraspecific ...
... coexistence mediated by predators and mutualistic networks), this definition points out that all the interactions within food webs can allow the coexistence of many species in the same environment, due to their variability and complexity that influence the abundance of populations, the intraspecific ...
Cats - An Annotated Bibliography
... in The Impact of Cats on Native Wildlife,Proceedings of a workshop held on 8-9 May 1991, ed. Catherine Potter, facilitated by the Endangered Species Unit, Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, 1991. A survey of the opinions of cat carers suggested that domestic and semi-domestic cats had k ...
... in The Impact of Cats on Native Wildlife,Proceedings of a workshop held on 8-9 May 1991, ed. Catherine Potter, facilitated by the Endangered Species Unit, Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, 1991. A survey of the opinions of cat carers suggested that domestic and semi-domestic cats had k ...
OS - BioMed Central
... are reported outside the boundaries of our project’s study areaFor this reason, we did not include species such as Cavendishia nobilis (Ericaceae) or Justicia kuntzei (Acanthaceae), among others, in our study. We also eliminated species for which the taxonomic status is unclear such that the known l ...
... are reported outside the boundaries of our project’s study areaFor this reason, we did not include species such as Cavendishia nobilis (Ericaceae) or Justicia kuntzei (Acanthaceae), among others, in our study. We also eliminated species for which the taxonomic status is unclear such that the known l ...
Genetic evidence for the cryptic species pair, Lottia digitalis and
... Sibling species are deWned as sister species that are impossible or extremely diYcult to distinguish based on morphological characters alone (Mayr and Ashlock 1991). Marine sibling species are ubiquitous, found from the poles to the tropics, in most known habitats, and at depths ranging from interti ...
... Sibling species are deWned as sister species that are impossible or extremely diYcult to distinguish based on morphological characters alone (Mayr and Ashlock 1991). Marine sibling species are ubiquitous, found from the poles to the tropics, in most known habitats, and at depths ranging from interti ...
Lifehistory constraints in grassland plant species: a growthdefence
... defence. On one hand, increased investment in defence may come at the cost of competitive ability (Baldwin & Hamilton 2000; Chase et al. 2002; Viola et al. 2010). Strategies promoting competitive success vary with environment, but superior competitors are often those more thoroughly able to exploit ...
... defence. On one hand, increased investment in defence may come at the cost of competitive ability (Baldwin & Hamilton 2000; Chase et al. 2002; Viola et al. 2010). Strategies promoting competitive success vary with environment, but superior competitors are often those more thoroughly able to exploit ...
Life-history constraints in grassland plant species:
... defence. On one hand, increased investment in defence may come at the cost of competitive ability (Baldwin & Hamilton 2000; Chase et al. 2002; Viola et al. 2010). Strategies promoting competitive success vary with environment, but superior competitors are often those more thoroughly able to exploit ...
... defence. On one hand, increased investment in defence may come at the cost of competitive ability (Baldwin & Hamilton 2000; Chase et al. 2002; Viola et al. 2010). Strategies promoting competitive success vary with environment, but superior competitors are often those more thoroughly able to exploit ...
Decomposition of Leaf Litter in a U.S. Saltmarsh is Driven by
... the pipe with a cable tie to form a tent-like cage 70 cm in height. Cages were placed on the marsh platform, at intermediate elevations within the saltmarsh. We studied litter from three plants that commonly contribute to litter input at the field site (c.f., Zimmer et al. 2004), namely the cordgras ...
... the pipe with a cable tie to form a tent-like cage 70 cm in height. Cages were placed on the marsh platform, at intermediate elevations within the saltmarsh. We studied litter from three plants that commonly contribute to litter input at the field site (c.f., Zimmer et al. 2004), namely the cordgras ...
Habitat heterogeneity, species diversity and null models
... leads to an increase in species diversity. We tested this hypothesis for a community of small mammals in the semiarid, sand-shinnery-oak ecosystem of the southwestern United States. We used indices of differentiation diversity to quantify differences between two habitat types (blowouts in a sand-shi ...
... leads to an increase in species diversity. We tested this hypothesis for a community of small mammals in the semiarid, sand-shinnery-oak ecosystem of the southwestern United States. We used indices of differentiation diversity to quantify differences between two habitat types (blowouts in a sand-shi ...
Invasions: the trail behind, the path ahead, and a test
... Management, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; 12Laboratory of Ecological Genetics, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, North Ward North 10 West 5, 060-0808 ...
... Management, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; 12Laboratory of Ecological Genetics, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, North Ward North 10 West 5, 060-0808 ...
Interspecific competition in metapopulations
... Duphnia magna (Straus), D . pufex (de Geer) and D . longispina (0.F. Muller) (henceforth abbreviated M, P and L, respectively), which coexist regionally along the coasts of Finland and Sweden (e.g. Ranta, 1979; Pajunen, 1986; Bengtsson, 1988). The niches of the species overlap widely along several n ...
... Duphnia magna (Straus), D . pufex (de Geer) and D . longispina (0.F. Muller) (henceforth abbreviated M, P and L, respectively), which coexist regionally along the coasts of Finland and Sweden (e.g. Ranta, 1979; Pajunen, 1986; Bengtsson, 1988). The niches of the species overlap widely along several n ...
test bIodIversIty – why It mAtters
... across the southern Arctic in Nunavik in search for food, shelter and freedom from predators and insects. In the summer, migratory marine mammals, such as beluga whales, narwhal, orca, bowhead whale, walrus, various seals, and polar bears migrate north into the Arctic Archipelago as they follow the ...
... across the southern Arctic in Nunavik in search for food, shelter and freedom from predators and insects. In the summer, migratory marine mammals, such as beluga whales, narwhal, orca, bowhead whale, walrus, various seals, and polar bears migrate north into the Arctic Archipelago as they follow the ...
2014 Bee Niche and N..
... High complementarity in a flower-visiting community suggests that high plant diversity is important for the maintenance of pollinator diversity (Blüthgen & Klein 2010, Carvalho et al 2013), and that high pollinator diversity is required to maintain plant diversity. In general, faunal richness is exp ...
... High complementarity in a flower-visiting community suggests that high plant diversity is important for the maintenance of pollinator diversity (Blüthgen & Klein 2010, Carvalho et al 2013), and that high pollinator diversity is required to maintain plant diversity. In general, faunal richness is exp ...
Biotic and abiotic preferences of the cladoceran invader
... 5). Both Limnosida and Daphnia showed increased clearance rates with increasing particle size. There was also a tendency for increased clearance rates with increasing animal size for both species. Limnosida had considerably lower clearance rates than D. magna (Fig. 5a,c). The combined experiments wi ...
... 5). Both Limnosida and Daphnia showed increased clearance rates with increasing particle size. There was also a tendency for increased clearance rates with increasing animal size for both species. Limnosida had considerably lower clearance rates than D. magna (Fig. 5a,c). The combined experiments wi ...
Island restoration
The ecological restoration of islands, or island restoration, is the application of the principles of ecological restoration to islands and island groups. Islands, due to their isolation, are home to many of the world's endemic species, as well as important breeding grounds for seabirds and some marine mammals. Their ecosystems are also very vulnerable to human disturbance and particularly to introduced species, due to their small size. Island groups such as New Zealand and Hawaii have undergone substantial extinctions and losses of habitat. Since the 1950s several organisations and government agencies around the world have worked to restore islands to their original states; New Zealand has used them to hold natural populations of species that would otherwise be unable to survive in the wild. The principal components of island restoration are the removal of introduced species and the reintroduction of native species.