2013年1月12日托福写作真题回忆
... studies have demonstrated, however, that this is not the case. The wolves eat mostly old or diseased animals that would not survive long anyway. In general, the moose population is controlled by food availability, disease and other factors rather than by wolves. When experimental populations are set ...
... studies have demonstrated, however, that this is not the case. The wolves eat mostly old or diseased animals that would not survive long anyway. In general, the moose population is controlled by food availability, disease and other factors rather than by wolves. When experimental populations are set ...
Anthropomorphized species as tools for
... human–animal relationships. This research shows that people anthropomorphize a very broad range of species, including plants. We discuss how people construct anthropomorphic meanings around species, through a diversity of mechanisms and with both positive and negative effects. We then review the man ...
... human–animal relationships. This research shows that people anthropomorphize a very broad range of species, including plants. We discuss how people construct anthropomorphic meanings around species, through a diversity of mechanisms and with both positive and negative effects. We then review the man ...
The assembly of forest communities according to maximum species
... organization of forest species according to maximum height, a trait associated with competitive ability for light. Specifically, we compared the species present in 409 different temperate forest plots with the pool of potentially present species (n 639 species), spanning a 50 000 km2 area of southe ...
... organization of forest species according to maximum height, a trait associated with competitive ability for light. Specifically, we compared the species present in 409 different temperate forest plots with the pool of potentially present species (n 639 species), spanning a 50 000 km2 area of southe ...
(2016). Exotics Exhibit More Evolutionary History Than Natives
... In the past, the rate at which species colonized new areas, such as distant islands, was relatively slow, and long‐distance dispersal events were rare. As a result, species within biogeographic regions shared much of their evolutionary history; for any given species group, closely related species te ...
... In the past, the rate at which species colonized new areas, such as distant islands, was relatively slow, and long‐distance dispersal events were rare. As a result, species within biogeographic regions shared much of their evolutionary history; for any given species group, closely related species te ...
BCS311 Module 5
... population during a period of time (I) is a function of r. The stability of the population size depends on the balance between the existing number of individuals (N) and the environment’s carrying capacity (K) for individuals. It will be a positive number and the population may grow if N is less tha ...
... population during a period of time (I) is a function of r. The stability of the population size depends on the balance between the existing number of individuals (N) and the environment’s carrying capacity (K) for individuals. It will be a positive number and the population may grow if N is less tha ...
Ecology of Native Animals in California Grasslands
... historical perspective as well as within the context of our modern-day understanding of grasslands in California. Emphasis is given to the ecological relations of small mammals, particularly burrowing rodents, because a large amount of natural history information on them exists and they have been st ...
... historical perspective as well as within the context of our modern-day understanding of grasslands in California. Emphasis is given to the ecological relations of small mammals, particularly burrowing rodents, because a large amount of natural history information on them exists and they have been st ...
Assisted colonization as a climate change adaptation tool
... disturbance regimes and changes to soil, hydrological and other conditions, altering both biotic and abiotic interactions (Fischer & Lindenmayer 2007). In addition, these modified habitats generally preclude effective species migration and gene flow by fragmenting populations among a matrix of land- ...
... disturbance regimes and changes to soil, hydrological and other conditions, altering both biotic and abiotic interactions (Fischer & Lindenmayer 2007). In addition, these modified habitats generally preclude effective species migration and gene flow by fragmenting populations among a matrix of land- ...
Gopher Tortoise - Cincinnati Zoo
... Diurnal. Typically emerge from burrow when the day gets warm and feed until early afternoon. Mostly solitary and territorial. Most gopher tortoises will occupy the same burrow for most of, if not all, of their life. Gopher tortoises are accomplished burrowers, having immovable wrists that give their ...
... Diurnal. Typically emerge from burrow when the day gets warm and feed until early afternoon. Mostly solitary and territorial. Most gopher tortoises will occupy the same burrow for most of, if not all, of their life. Gopher tortoises are accomplished burrowers, having immovable wrists that give their ...
Using trait-based ecology to restore resilient ecosystems
... unit) in Grand Canyon National Park (GCNP), Arizona, U.S.A. (2,427–2,549 m elevation, 650 mm annual precipitation, and 5.9∘ C average annual temperature). Current overstory composition and structure were determined using 30 plots of 0.1 ha arrayed on a 300-m systematic grid. We recorded species and ...
... unit) in Grand Canyon National Park (GCNP), Arizona, U.S.A. (2,427–2,549 m elevation, 650 mm annual precipitation, and 5.9∘ C average annual temperature). Current overstory composition and structure were determined using 30 plots of 0.1 ha arrayed on a 300-m systematic grid. We recorded species and ...
RIVER CONSERVATION: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
... One of the best predictors of which species will invade is simply those that are introduced most often (Simberloff 2009). Ecologists use the term “propagule pressure”, a combination of the number of organisms introduced and the number of times introductions are made. Propagule pressure is typically ...
... One of the best predictors of which species will invade is simply those that are introduced most often (Simberloff 2009). Ecologists use the term “propagule pressure”, a combination of the number of organisms introduced and the number of times introductions are made. Propagule pressure is typically ...
Chapter 4 Lecture.notebook
... • Humans have dramatically changed ecological systems Severely degraded systems cease to function • Ecological restoration = efforts to restore communities • Restoration is informed by restoration ecology = the science of restoring an area to an earlier condition To restore the system’s functiona ...
... • Humans have dramatically changed ecological systems Severely degraded systems cease to function • Ecological restoration = efforts to restore communities • Restoration is informed by restoration ecology = the science of restoring an area to an earlier condition To restore the system’s functiona ...
Legal responsibilities for weeds and pest animals
... growth and spread of regionally controlled weeds, and prevent the spread of – and as far as possible eradicate – established pest animals on their land. The legislation must be kept up-to-date to deal with invasive species. Fortunately, recent changes to the Act have improved how noxious weed and pe ...
... growth and spread of regionally controlled weeds, and prevent the spread of – and as far as possible eradicate – established pest animals on their land. The legislation must be kept up-to-date to deal with invasive species. Fortunately, recent changes to the Act have improved how noxious weed and pe ...
Chapter 5: Ecology and evolution: Populations, communities, and
... have described between 1.5 million and 1.8 million species, but there are many more still unnamed and undiscovered. Estimates for the total number of species in the world range up to 100 million, many of them in tropical forests. In this light, the discovery of a new toad species in Costa Rica in 19 ...
... have described between 1.5 million and 1.8 million species, but there are many more still unnamed and undiscovered. Estimates for the total number of species in the world range up to 100 million, many of them in tropical forests. In this light, the discovery of a new toad species in Costa Rica in 19 ...
Chapter 2. Examples of Variation Patterns within Species and Genera
... continuity is difficult to use as a basis for classification. One disadvantage of the use of clines is that each individual cline can be recognized only after analysis of extensive samples from many localities. This makes it impossible to describe all the clines existing in a species, so that the me ...
... continuity is difficult to use as a basis for classification. One disadvantage of the use of clines is that each individual cline can be recognized only after analysis of extensive samples from many localities. This makes it impossible to describe all the clines existing in a species, so that the me ...
Competition - WordPress.com
... do not overlap completely, the weaker competitor will move from its fundamental niche to a realized niche, ceding some resources to the stronger competitor. ...
... do not overlap completely, the weaker competitor will move from its fundamental niche to a realized niche, ceding some resources to the stronger competitor. ...
Asymmetric specialization
... the two most abundant, most generalized plant and pollinator species likely represent strong selective agents for each other, and the many other species that interact with them may be relatively unimportant. As a consequence, asymmetry may be lower when interactions are described in functional terms ...
... the two most abundant, most generalized plant and pollinator species likely represent strong selective agents for each other, and the many other species that interact with them may be relatively unimportant. As a consequence, asymmetry may be lower when interactions are described in functional terms ...
Ground Ant Diversity (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the
... 2006). Despite being a refuge for many natural communities, only a few groups such as mammals, birds, reptiles or plants have been surveyed, whereas key invertebrate groups such as ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) have been scarcely studied. Ants are important components of the majority of terrestrial ...
... 2006). Despite being a refuge for many natural communities, only a few groups such as mammals, birds, reptiles or plants have been surveyed, whereas key invertebrate groups such as ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) have been scarcely studied. Ants are important components of the majority of terrestrial ...
The role of plant species size in invasibility: a
... no species can completely eliminate competitors from a community remains critical to our understanding of biodiversity. Understanding why species richness is always >1 is particularly important in diverse communities where many coexisting species overlap considerably in resource requirements (e.g., ...
... no species can completely eliminate competitors from a community remains critical to our understanding of biodiversity. Understanding why species richness is always >1 is particularly important in diverse communities where many coexisting species overlap considerably in resource requirements (e.g., ...
Tree species distributions and local habitat variation in the Amazon
... western half of the 50 ha. The diameter of every individual was recorded at 1.3 m above the ground, unless the stem was swollen or buttressed; measurements were taken just below small swellings, or at least 0.5 m above large buttresses. Regardless of the height-of-measure, we refer to these as d.b.h ...
... western half of the 50 ha. The diameter of every individual was recorded at 1.3 m above the ground, unless the stem was swollen or buttressed; measurements were taken just below small swellings, or at least 0.5 m above large buttresses. Regardless of the height-of-measure, we refer to these as d.b.h ...
Rare species in communities of tropical insect herbivores: pondering
... its aggregate population was high. Both cases are an example of the ‘‘mass effect’’, since it is probable that such rare species were dependent on a constant influx of immigrants from the other host plants. These other plants were found particularly often among congeneric plants, less so among confa ...
... its aggregate population was high. Both cases are an example of the ‘‘mass effect’’, since it is probable that such rare species were dependent on a constant influx of immigrants from the other host plants. These other plants were found particularly often among congeneric plants, less so among confa ...
Ecology Objective Sheet
... able to draw and understand a food web. What is the difference between abiotic and biotic factors? List three important physical factors and three important chemical factors that have large effects on ecosystems. Define and give examples of biotic relationships (intraspecific and interspecific compe ...
... able to draw and understand a food web. What is the difference between abiotic and biotic factors? List three important physical factors and three important chemical factors that have large effects on ecosystems. Define and give examples of biotic relationships (intraspecific and interspecific compe ...
5 Annual Undergraduate Research Symposium 2013
... pollinators for later identification using high resolution cameras and an existing reference pollinator collection. Because both species are visited by generalist pollinators, we hypothesized that the introduced species was very likely to hybridize with the native species in nature. After one month ...
... pollinators for later identification using high resolution cameras and an existing reference pollinator collection. Because both species are visited by generalist pollinators, we hypothesized that the introduced species was very likely to hybridize with the native species in nature. After one month ...
Island restoration
The ecological restoration of islands, or island restoration, is the application of the principles of ecological restoration to islands and island groups. Islands, due to their isolation, are home to many of the world's endemic species, as well as important breeding grounds for seabirds and some marine mammals. Their ecosystems are also very vulnerable to human disturbance and particularly to introduced species, due to their small size. Island groups such as New Zealand and Hawaii have undergone substantial extinctions and losses of habitat. Since the 1950s several organisations and government agencies around the world have worked to restore islands to their original states; New Zealand has used them to hold natural populations of species that would otherwise be unable to survive in the wild. The principal components of island restoration are the removal of introduced species and the reintroduction of native species.