Probability and Forensic Science
... Given the use to which our assessment is being Given the use to which our assessment is being put, it is desirable that our assessment is not wholly based on intuition wholly based on intuition Is there a way in which we can do this? ...
... Given the use to which our assessment is being Given the use to which our assessment is being put, it is desirable that our assessment is not wholly based on intuition wholly based on intuition Is there a way in which we can do this? ...
ONR-RRR-054: Investigation into the application of Storm Hazard
... do this, we can use what is known as the Probability Integral Transform, for which we require estimates of the distribution functions FX (x) = Pr(X ≤ x) and FY (y) = Pr(Y ≤ y) of the variables X and Y respectively. To estimate the distribution functions, it is common to use the empirical distributio ...
... do this, we can use what is known as the Probability Integral Transform, for which we require estimates of the distribution functions FX (x) = Pr(X ≤ x) and FY (y) = Pr(Y ≤ y) of the variables X and Y respectively. To estimate the distribution functions, it is common to use the empirical distributio ...
Probability
... This really involves inference, but it is one way that probability and chance ideas are used in everyday life. For example, when the Bureau of Meteorology predicts that the chance of rain tomorrow is 20%, there is no clear, simple procedure involving random mixing as in the coin toss. Rather, there ...
... This really involves inference, but it is one way that probability and chance ideas are used in everyday life. For example, when the Bureau of Meteorology predicts that the chance of rain tomorrow is 20%, there is no clear, simple procedure involving random mixing as in the coin toss. Rather, there ...
Black-Box Composition Does Not Imply Adaptive Security
... pseudo-random permutation generator (PRPG). By this we mean that for each n it will include 2n random permutations over {0, 1}n. Clearly, a non-adaptively secure PRPG F can be immediately constructed from such an oracle, but it is also clear that the same generator will be adaptively secure. Therefo ...
... pseudo-random permutation generator (PRPG). By this we mean that for each n it will include 2n random permutations over {0, 1}n. Clearly, a non-adaptively secure PRPG F can be immediately constructed from such an oracle, but it is also clear that the same generator will be adaptively secure. Therefo ...
The Limits of Supposing: Semantic Illusions and Conditional Probability
... p q case, false in the p not-q case, and irrelevant otherwise. For instance, ‘If it rains I will take an umbrella’ is typically evaluated as true in case it rains and I do take an umbrella, false in case it rains and I don’t take an umbrella, and irrelevant if it does not rain at all. The suppositio ...
... p q case, false in the p not-q case, and irrelevant otherwise. For instance, ‘If it rains I will take an umbrella’ is typically evaluated as true in case it rains and I do take an umbrella, false in case it rains and I don’t take an umbrella, and irrelevant if it does not rain at all. The suppositio ...
Exponential Communication Inefficiency of Demand Queries
... Our results bring into question the usefulness of combinatorial auction mechanisms such as “iterative auctions,” and other “preference elicitation” mechanisms that use demand queries or value queries. Of course, the results still open the possibility that demand-query mechanisms work well on some cl ...
... Our results bring into question the usefulness of combinatorial auction mechanisms such as “iterative auctions,” and other “preference elicitation” mechanisms that use demand queries or value queries. Of course, the results still open the possibility that demand-query mechanisms work well on some cl ...
Links Between Theoretical and Effective Differential Probabilities
... it is out of the scope of this paper and it does not challenge the validity of the attack that still has a very high success rate when taking these remarks into account. The second point is that the probabilities p∗ of the differentials may be underestimated because they are obtained taking into acc ...
... it is out of the scope of this paper and it does not challenge the validity of the attack that still has a very high success rate when taking these remarks into account. The second point is that the probabilities p∗ of the differentials may be underestimated because they are obtained taking into acc ...
Raymond J. Solomonoff 1926-2009 - Computer Science
... Section on Information Theory, a forerunner of the IEEE Symposium on Information Theory. This partially used Chomsky’s paper [3] read at a Symposium on Information Theory held at MIT in September 1956. “An Inductive Inference Machine” already stressed training sequences and using previous solutions ...
... Section on Information Theory, a forerunner of the IEEE Symposium on Information Theory. This partially used Chomsky’s paper [3] read at a Symposium on Information Theory held at MIT in September 1956. “An Inductive Inference Machine” already stressed training sequences and using previous solutions ...
Lesson 1 7•5
... standards in this cluster. A chance process is any process that is repeatable and results in one of two or more welldefined outcomes each time it is repeated. In the context of probability, observing a single outcome of a chance process is sometimes called a chance experiment. Because the term chanc ...
... standards in this cluster. A chance process is any process that is repeatable and results in one of two or more welldefined outcomes each time it is repeated. In the context of probability, observing a single outcome of a chance process is sometimes called a chance experiment. Because the term chanc ...
Lecture 9 - CIS @ UPenn
... Let rt = 1 − Qt (i.e. for all i, rt (i) = 1 − Qt (i)) end if Update: For all i ∈ [|X |] Let D̂it+1 = exp(−ηrt (xi )) · Dit D̂t+1 Dit+1 = P|X |i t+1 j=1 D̂j Output Dt+1 . Lets think about what the MW algorithm is trying to do. Recall that the median mechanism attempted to maintain a “distribution” ov ...
... Let rt = 1 − Qt (i.e. for all i, rt (i) = 1 − Qt (i)) end if Update: For all i ∈ [|X |] Let D̂it+1 = exp(−ηrt (xi )) · Dit D̂t+1 Dit+1 = P|X |i t+1 j=1 D̂j Output Dt+1 . Lets think about what the MW algorithm is trying to do. Recall that the median mechanism attempted to maintain a “distribution” ov ...
Generating random factored Gaussian integers, easily
... The Gaussian integers comprise the ring Z[i], that is, all complex numbers a + bi where a, b ∈ Z. It is well known that they have unique factorization into prime elements and there are 4 units ±1, ±i. If z = a + bi ∈ Z[i], the norm of z, denoted N(z), is the nonnegative integer zz̄ = a2 + b2 . Our g ...
... The Gaussian integers comprise the ring Z[i], that is, all complex numbers a + bi where a, b ∈ Z. It is well known that they have unique factorization into prime elements and there are 4 units ±1, ±i. If z = a + bi ∈ Z[i], the norm of z, denoted N(z), is the nonnegative integer zz̄ = a2 + b2 . Our g ...
Minireview - Psychology
... rise to this threshold estimate. More specifically, what are the relative probabilities of different real thresholds which could have given rise to this threshold estimate, and what is the weighted average of these real thresholds? I will come back to the question of interpretation bias in the secti ...
... rise to this threshold estimate. More specifically, what are the relative probabilities of different real thresholds which could have given rise to this threshold estimate, and what is the weighted average of these real thresholds? I will come back to the question of interpretation bias in the secti ...
Probability box
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A probability box (or p-box) is a characterization of an uncertain number consisting of both aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties that is often used in risk analysis or quantitative uncertainty modeling where numerical calculations must be performed. Probability bounds analysis is used to make arithmetic and logical calculations with p-boxes.An example p-box is shown in the figure at right for an uncertain number x consisting of a left (upper) bound and a right (lower) bound on the probability distribution for x. The bounds are coincident for values of x below 0 and above 24. The bounds may have almost any shapes, including step functions, so long as they are monotonically increasing and do not cross each other. A p-box is used to express simultaneously incertitude (epistemic uncertainty), which is represented by the breadth between the left and right edges of the p-box, and variability (aleatory uncertainty), which is represented by the overall slant of the p-box.