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11.4: Bernoulli Trials and Binomial Probability
11.4: Bernoulli Trials and Binomial Probability

LECTURE 1: PRELIMINARIES AND
LECTURE 1: PRELIMINARIES AND

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S3.1. Independent Random Variables

... variable and its observed value or realization by using an upper-case letter to denote the random variable (say X) and the actual numerical value x that is the result of an observation or a measured value. This formal notation is not used in the book because (1) it is not widely employed in the stat ...
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The Rate of Convergence of k, -NN Regression

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... a) In order to find the probability of exactly 3 defects in the new car, P(X=3), we will make use of the fact that if we add up the probability of all possible outcomes, the sum is equal to 1. Symbolically, 1 = P(X=0) + P(X=1) + P(X=2) + P(X=3) + P(X=4)=> 1 = .5 + .3 + .1 + P(X=3) + .05 => 1 = .95 + ...
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SOLUTIONS ACTIVITY 5 - Penn State Department of Statistics

... g. What is the probability that the number correct for somebody just guessing is one of 9, 10, or 11 correct? Hint: First find separate probabilities for each of 9, 10, and 11. Show any work. P(9 right) + P(10 right) + P(11 right) = ...
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... Joint Probability Distributions  If X and Y are two discrete random variables, the probability distribution for their simultaneous occurrence can be represented by a function with values f(x, y) for any pair of values (x, y) within the range of the random variables X and Y.  Such function is refer ...
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General
General

< 1 ... 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 ... 157 >

Randomness



Randomness is the lack of pattern or predictability in events. A random sequence of events, symbols or steps has no order and does not follow an intelligible pattern or combination. Individual random events are by definition unpredictable, but in many cases the frequency of different outcomes over a large number of events (or ""trials"") is predictable. For example, when throwing two dice, the outcome of any particular roll is unpredictable, but a sum of 7 will occur twice as often as 4. In this view, randomness is a measure of uncertainty of an outcome, rather than haphazardness, and applies to concepts of chance, probability, and information entropy.The fields of mathematics, probability, and statistics use formal definitions of randomness. In statistics, a random variable is an assignment of a numerical value to each possible outcome of an event space. This association facilitates the identification and the calculation of probabilities of the events. Random variables can appear in random sequences. A random process is a sequence of random variables whose outcomes do not follow a deterministic pattern, but follow an evolution described by probability distributions. These and other constructs are extremely useful in probability theory and the various applications of randomness.Randomness is most often used in statistics to signify well-defined statistical properties. Monte Carlo methods, which rely on random input (such as from random number generators or pseudorandom number generators), are important techniques in science, as, for instance, in computational science. By analogy, quasi-Monte Carlo methods use quasirandom number generators.Random selection is a method of selecting items (often called units) from a population where the probability of choosing a specific item is the proportion of those items in the population. For example, with a bowl containing just 10 red marbles and 90 blue marbles, a random selection mechanism would choose a red marble with probability 1/10. Note that a random selection mechanism that selected 10 marbles from this bowl would not necessarily result in 1 red and 9 blue. In situations where a population consists of items that are distinguishable, a random selection mechanism requires equal probabilities for any item to be chosen. That is, if the selection process is such that each member of a population, of say research subjects, has the same probability of being chosen then we can say the selection process is random.
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