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Chapter 6
Chapter 6

Empirical Interpretations of Probability
Empirical Interpretations of Probability

... which undertake to define probability in terms of the limits of relative frequencies, there is a strong element of idealization. The empirical sequences we encounter in the world are always finite, and we often have good reason to suppose that they cannot be infinite. We cannot have an infinite numb ...
The entropy per coordinate of a random vector is highly constrained
The entropy per coordinate of a random vector is highly constrained

Continuous Random Variables and Reliability Analysis
Continuous Random Variables and Reliability Analysis

Hypothesis Testing for Beginners
Hypothesis Testing for Beginners

A natural introduction to probability theory
A natural introduction to probability theory

The Theory of Fuzzy Sets: Beliefs and Realities
The Theory of Fuzzy Sets: Beliefs and Realities

Probability Theory I
Probability Theory I

arXiv:math/0610716v2 [math.PR] 16 Feb 2007
arXiv:math/0610716v2 [math.PR] 16 Feb 2007

PROBABILITY AND INFORMATION: An Integrated Approach
PROBABILITY AND INFORMATION: An Integrated Approach

Finding Adam in random growing trees
Finding Adam in random growing trees

... For a labeled tree T we denote by T ◦ the isomorphism class of T . In other words T ◦ is an unlabeled copy of T . For notational convenience we denote vertices from T ◦ using the labeling of T (formally one would need to chose an arbitrary labeling of T ◦ , and to compare vertices of T ◦ to those of ...
Chapter 4: Simple random samples and their properties
Chapter 4: Simple random samples and their properties

... concerned with random samples, that is, samples in which the selected items are drawn “at random” from the population. In random sampling, the sample elements are selected in much the same way that the winning ticket is drawn in some lotteries, or a hand of cards is dealt: before each draw, the popu ...
Eliciting Subjective Probabilities Through
Eliciting Subjective Probabilities Through

Specification: The Pattern That Signifies Intelligence By William A. Dembski
Specification: The Pattern That Signifies Intelligence By William A. Dembski

Statistical Methods MT2007 Analysis of Sampling Plans
Statistical Methods MT2007 Analysis of Sampling Plans

A Case Base Seeding for Case-Based Planning Systems
A Case Base Seeding for Case-Based Planning Systems

Notes on Induction, Probability and Confirmation
Notes on Induction, Probability and Confirmation

Central Limit Theorems and Uniform Laws of Large Numbers for
Central Limit Theorems and Uniform Laws of Large Numbers for

Unbiased Bayes estimates and improper priors
Unbiased Bayes estimates and improper priors

1. Markov chains
1. Markov chains

Bull. London Math. Soc. 47
Bull. London Math. Soc. 47

Application of mathematical modeling in probability theory and
Application of mathematical modeling in probability theory and

Chapter 8 Discrete probability and the laws of chance
Chapter 8 Discrete probability and the laws of chance

... that a “single experiment” has six possible outcomes. We anticipate getting each of the results with an equal probability, i.e. if we were to repeat the same experiment many many times, we would expect that, on average, the six possible events would occur with similar frequencies. We say that the ev ...
Appendices
Appendices

... is a maximum density (k1 , k2 )-subgraph of G. Moreover, if kW k < 1 and kF k∞ < 1 then (X̄, Ȳ ) is the unique optimal solution of (2.1) and G(V̄ ) is the unique maximum density (k1 , k2 )-subgraph of G. The proof of Theorem 2.2 is analogous to that of [1, Theorem 4.1] and is left to the reader. As ...
Laplace transforms of probability distributions
Laplace transforms of probability distributions

< 1 ... 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ... 157 >

Randomness



Randomness is the lack of pattern or predictability in events. A random sequence of events, symbols or steps has no order and does not follow an intelligible pattern or combination. Individual random events are by definition unpredictable, but in many cases the frequency of different outcomes over a large number of events (or ""trials"") is predictable. For example, when throwing two dice, the outcome of any particular roll is unpredictable, but a sum of 7 will occur twice as often as 4. In this view, randomness is a measure of uncertainty of an outcome, rather than haphazardness, and applies to concepts of chance, probability, and information entropy.The fields of mathematics, probability, and statistics use formal definitions of randomness. In statistics, a random variable is an assignment of a numerical value to each possible outcome of an event space. This association facilitates the identification and the calculation of probabilities of the events. Random variables can appear in random sequences. A random process is a sequence of random variables whose outcomes do not follow a deterministic pattern, but follow an evolution described by probability distributions. These and other constructs are extremely useful in probability theory and the various applications of randomness.Randomness is most often used in statistics to signify well-defined statistical properties. Monte Carlo methods, which rely on random input (such as from random number generators or pseudorandom number generators), are important techniques in science, as, for instance, in computational science. By analogy, quasi-Monte Carlo methods use quasirandom number generators.Random selection is a method of selecting items (often called units) from a population where the probability of choosing a specific item is the proportion of those items in the population. For example, with a bowl containing just 10 red marbles and 90 blue marbles, a random selection mechanism would choose a red marble with probability 1/10. Note that a random selection mechanism that selected 10 marbles from this bowl would not necessarily result in 1 red and 9 blue. In situations where a population consists of items that are distinguishable, a random selection mechanism requires equal probabilities for any item to be chosen. That is, if the selection process is such that each member of a population, of say research subjects, has the same probability of being chosen then we can say the selection process is random.
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