Introducing a New Product
... As more Na+ rushes into cell, the membrane moves rapidly toward and continues in a positive direction to the peak of the action potential Voltage-gated Na+ channels stay open for only about 1 msec before they automatically close; action potential is an all-or-none response After action potential pea ...
... As more Na+ rushes into cell, the membrane moves rapidly toward and continues in a positive direction to the peak of the action potential Voltage-gated Na+ channels stay open for only about 1 msec before they automatically close; action potential is an all-or-none response After action potential pea ...
Different levels of Ih determine distinct temporal integration in
... whereas I h exhibits similar voltage-dependent and kinetic properties in both classes of neurons. Bursting and regular-spiking neurons display similar morphology. The difference in I h between the two classes of neurons is not responsible for the distinct firing patterns, as neither pharmacological ...
... whereas I h exhibits similar voltage-dependent and kinetic properties in both classes of neurons. Bursting and regular-spiking neurons display similar morphology. The difference in I h between the two classes of neurons is not responsible for the distinct firing patterns, as neither pharmacological ...
Bidirectional Modification of Presynaptic Neuronal Excitability
... of action potentials was used as a parameter for the firing characteristics. The synaptic strength between the pair of recorded neurons was monitored by the amplitude of the first excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) evoked by a train of action potentials. In the first set of experiments, we exami ...
... of action potentials was used as a parameter for the firing characteristics. The synaptic strength between the pair of recorded neurons was monitored by the amplitude of the first excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) evoked by a train of action potentials. In the first set of experiments, we exami ...
Cyclohexane Rings Reduce Membrane Permeability to Small Ions
... scattering (DLS; Figure S8). We expect the lipids in these liposomes to predominantly adopt a transmembrane configuration.[31, 32] However, it is plausible that some fraction of the lipids can adopt a hairpin configuration to help stabilize the high curvature of the liposomes. The average size of th ...
... scattering (DLS; Figure S8). We expect the lipids in these liposomes to predominantly adopt a transmembrane configuration.[31, 32] However, it is plausible that some fraction of the lipids can adopt a hairpin configuration to help stabilize the high curvature of the liposomes. The average size of th ...
Biophysics of Extracellular Action Potentials
... large neurons in the deep layers. If the detection and clustering algorithm is sensitive enough to include low-amplitude spikes then bias is moderate. If only high amplitude units (> 200 µV) are picked up, then recording will be significantly biased towards the deep layers. The majority of spikes in ...
... large neurons in the deep layers. If the detection and clustering algorithm is sensitive enough to include low-amplitude spikes then bias is moderate. If only high amplitude units (> 200 µV) are picked up, then recording will be significantly biased towards the deep layers. The majority of spikes in ...
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Directly Activates Noradrenergic
... activation of LC neurons is unknown. Moreover, given the apparent absence of mRNA for CRH receptors in LC neurons, the exact location of action of CRH within the cerulear region is debated. Using in vitro intracellular recordings from rat brainstem, we examined whether CRH exerts a direct effect on ...
... activation of LC neurons is unknown. Moreover, given the apparent absence of mRNA for CRH receptors in LC neurons, the exact location of action of CRH within the cerulear region is debated. Using in vitro intracellular recordings from rat brainstem, we examined whether CRH exerts a direct effect on ...
S-potentials precede and drive nearly all LGN spikes in a burst.
... The spiking activity of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is often categorized into two modes: burst and tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one i ...
... The spiking activity of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is often categorized into two modes: burst and tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one i ...
Dendritic Computation - UCSD Cognitive Science
... in their own right, as discussed below. Delay lines via dendritic filtering. In terms of signal propagation, dendrites behave like electrical cables with medium-quality insulation. As such, passive dendrites linearly filter the input signal as it spreads to the site of initiation, where it is compar ...
... in their own right, as discussed below. Delay lines via dendritic filtering. In terms of signal propagation, dendrites behave like electrical cables with medium-quality insulation. As such, passive dendrites linearly filter the input signal as it spreads to the site of initiation, where it is compar ...
Simulating Populations of Neurons - Leeds VLE
... advances we have made over the last 100 years have allowed us to now consider processes on an individual level and use computational techniques to be able to simulate them. This project considers the paper Stable propagation of synchronous spiking in cortical neural networks (Diesmann, Gewaltig, & A ...
... advances we have made over the last 100 years have allowed us to now consider processes on an individual level and use computational techniques to be able to simulate them. This project considers the paper Stable propagation of synchronous spiking in cortical neural networks (Diesmann, Gewaltig, & A ...
The Time Course and Amplitude of EPSPs Evoked at Synapses
... synapses cannot be obtained from this technique, nor can details of convergence of CA3 pyramidal neurons onto single CA1 neurons or of divergence of CA3 neurons into the CA1 field. A knowledge of the amplitudes and time courses of EPSPs evoked at connections formed between single CA3 and CA1 neurons ...
... synapses cannot be obtained from this technique, nor can details of convergence of CA3 pyramidal neurons onto single CA1 neurons or of divergence of CA3 neurons into the CA1 field. A knowledge of the amplitudes and time courses of EPSPs evoked at connections formed between single CA3 and CA1 neurons ...
Response of Mitochondrial Traffic to Axon Determination and
... each neuronal process during the stage 2–3 transition. Three time points were selected on the basis of axon length: when the nascent axon was (1) ⬍5 m longer than the next longest process, a difference consistent with the nascent axon still being a minor process; (2) 15–20 m longer than the next l ...
... each neuronal process during the stage 2–3 transition. Three time points were selected on the basis of axon length: when the nascent axon was (1) ⬍5 m longer than the next longest process, a difference consistent with the nascent axon still being a minor process; (2) 15–20 m longer than the next l ...
ref. #29 of the TIBS article
... the helix due to its exposure to water (6). Interestingly, we observed a more pronounced drop in the MGD of 1.7 residues for a Leu9 f Trp substitution in the shorter L17V transmembrane helix (data not shown), possibly indicating that a short transmembrane helix is less tilted in the membrane and thu ...
... the helix due to its exposure to water (6). Interestingly, we observed a more pronounced drop in the MGD of 1.7 residues for a Leu9 f Trp substitution in the shorter L17V transmembrane helix (data not shown), possibly indicating that a short transmembrane helix is less tilted in the membrane and thu ...
the phase-space dynamics of systems of spiking neurons
... Science remained out of favor until the beginning of the Renaissance. In 1543 Andreas Vesalius published De Humani Corporis Fabrica that helped correct numerous misconceptions about the human anatomy that had prevailed for fifteen hundred years. The 1641 publication of René Descartes’ Meditationes ...
... Science remained out of favor until the beginning of the Renaissance. In 1543 Andreas Vesalius published De Humani Corporis Fabrica that helped correct numerous misconceptions about the human anatomy that had prevailed for fifteen hundred years. The 1641 publication of René Descartes’ Meditationes ...
Flotation behaviour and surface characteristics of the artificial
... (Zhang et al., 2011). Therefore, the upgrading of titanium slag is an urgent need in the titanium industry. Flotation can be implemented to upgrade titanium slag, as it has long served the mineral processing field as a mature technology (Bahri et al., 2016; Albrecht et al., 2016). The primary titani ...
... (Zhang et al., 2011). Therefore, the upgrading of titanium slag is an urgent need in the titanium industry. Flotation can be implemented to upgrade titanium slag, as it has long served the mineral processing field as a mature technology (Bahri et al., 2016; Albrecht et al., 2016). The primary titani ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... down NMDA receptor currents in response to enhanced activity, this may make it more difficult to evoke LTP and easier to induce LTD. Thus, in addition to multiplicatively adjusting synaptic strengths, synaptic scaling may modify Hebbian plasticity in a manner functionally similar to the BCM model's ...
... down NMDA receptor currents in response to enhanced activity, this may make it more difficult to evoke LTP and easier to induce LTD. Thus, in addition to multiplicatively adjusting synaptic strengths, synaptic scaling may modify Hebbian plasticity in a manner functionally similar to the BCM model's ...
Self-amplifying autocrine actions of BDNF in axon development Pei-Lin Cheng , Ai-Hong Song
... structure, consisting of a single long axon and many short and highly branched dendrites. This polarized structure is essential for two primary neuronal functions: the reception and integration of synaptic inputs at the dendrite, and the conduction and delivery of output signals to other cells via t ...
... structure, consisting of a single long axon and many short and highly branched dendrites. This polarized structure is essential for two primary neuronal functions: the reception and integration of synaptic inputs at the dendrite, and the conduction and delivery of output signals to other cells via t ...
Endogenous release of 5-HT modulates the plateau phase of NMDA
... many neurons, which rely on the voltage-dependent properties of NMDA receptors in interaction with voltage-dependent potassium and KCa channels (Wallén and Grillner 1987). NMDA receptor-mediated, TTX-resistant membrane potential oscillations can contribute to the generation of locomotor activity and ...
... many neurons, which rely on the voltage-dependent properties of NMDA receptors in interaction with voltage-dependent potassium and KCa channels (Wallén and Grillner 1987). NMDA receptor-mediated, TTX-resistant membrane potential oscillations can contribute to the generation of locomotor activity and ...
Axon Initiation and Growth Cone Turning on Bound Protein Gradients Cellular/Molecular Junyu Mai,
... epoxy glass coverslips as the substrate, and 0.5 l of protein solution (10 g/ml) in each of the four source channels (350 m wide, 100 m deep, 18 mm long, and 4 mm apart), we produced eight stripes of bound FITC-IgG gradient on a 22 ⫻ 22 mm coverslip after 10 min of diffusion time, with each grad ...
... epoxy glass coverslips as the substrate, and 0.5 l of protein solution (10 g/ml) in each of the four source channels (350 m wide, 100 m deep, 18 mm long, and 4 mm apart), we produced eight stripes of bound FITC-IgG gradient on a 22 ⫻ 22 mm coverslip after 10 min of diffusion time, with each grad ...
Weak-base amines inhibit the anterograde-to
... intermediates in an endocytic pathway that utlimately delivers endocytosed membranous components to lysosomes where they are catabolized. A considerable amount is known about the pathways of endocytosis in non-neuronal cells (for review, see Mellman, 1984; Mellman et al., 1987). In receptormediated ...
... intermediates in an endocytic pathway that utlimately delivers endocytosed membranous components to lysosomes where they are catabolized. A considerable amount is known about the pathways of endocytosis in non-neuronal cells (for review, see Mellman, 1984; Mellman et al., 1987). In receptormediated ...
Kv4.2 mRNA Abundance and A-Type K Current Amplitude Are
... 1996; Shi et al., 1997). The molecular picture is further complicated by the ability of auxiliary channel subunits to transform non-inactivating, delayed rectifier K 1 channels into inactivating, A-type channels (Rettig et al., 1994; Heinemann et al., 1996). In spite of this complexity, only channel ...
... 1996; Shi et al., 1997). The molecular picture is further complicated by the ability of auxiliary channel subunits to transform non-inactivating, delayed rectifier K 1 channels into inactivating, A-type channels (Rettig et al., 1994; Heinemann et al., 1996). In spite of this complexity, only channel ...
Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials in the Piriform Cortex
... In these equations, W represents the average strength of excitatory synapses arising from cortical pyramidal cells and synapsing on other excitatory neurons. If neuronal output is in spikes/ms, then synaptic strength reflects the change in membrane voltage per spike (mV/ spike) because of the membra ...
... In these equations, W represents the average strength of excitatory synapses arising from cortical pyramidal cells and synapsing on other excitatory neurons. If neuronal output is in spikes/ms, then synaptic strength reflects the change in membrane voltage per spike (mV/ spike) because of the membra ...
Input evoked nonlinearities in silicon dendritic circuits
... Pyramidal cells in neocortex and hippocampus have highly complicated dendritic structures, but the computational contribution of the dendritic tree in neuronal processing is still elusive. Experimental evidence suggests that individual dendritic branches can be considered as independent computationa ...
... Pyramidal cells in neocortex and hippocampus have highly complicated dendritic structures, but the computational contribution of the dendritic tree in neuronal processing is still elusive. Experimental evidence suggests that individual dendritic branches can be considered as independent computationa ...
Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
... considerable differences between the pyramidal neurons shown. Layer V pyramidal neurons have longer apical dendrites and fewer oblique apical dendrites than layer II/III pyramidal neurons. The apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons branch closer to the soma than those of CA1 pyramidal ...
... considerable differences between the pyramidal neurons shown. Layer V pyramidal neurons have longer apical dendrites and fewer oblique apical dendrites than layer II/III pyramidal neurons. The apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons branch closer to the soma than those of CA1 pyramidal ...
Action potential
In physiology, an action potential is a short-lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls, following a consistent trajectory. Action potentials occur in several types of animal cells, called excitable cells, which include neurons, muscle cells, and endocrine cells, as well as in some plant cells. In neurons, they play a central role in cell-to-cell communication. In other types of cells, their main function is to activate intracellular processes. In muscle cells, for example, an action potential is the first step in the chain of events leading to contraction. In beta cells of the pancreas, they provoke release of insulin. Action potentials in neurons are also known as ""nerve impulses"" or ""spikes"", and the temporal sequence of action potentials generated by a neuron is called its ""spike train"". A neuron that emits an action potential is often said to ""fire"".Action potentials are generated by special types of voltage-gated ion channels embedded in a cell's plasma membrane. These channels are shut when the membrane potential is near the resting potential of the cell, but they rapidly begin to open if the membrane potential increases to a precisely defined threshold value. When the channels open (in response to depolarization in transmembrane voltage), they allow an inward flow of sodium ions, which changes the electrochemical gradient, which in turn produces a further rise in the membrane potential. This then causes more channels to open, producing a greater electric current across the cell membrane, and so on. The process proceeds explosively until all of the available ion channels are open, resulting in a large upswing in the membrane potential. The rapid influx of sodium ions causes the polarity of the plasma membrane to reverse, and the ion channels then rapidly inactivate. As the sodium channels close, sodium ions can no longer enter the neuron, and then they are actively transported back out of the plasma membrane. Potassium channels are then activated, and there is an outward current of potassium ions, returning the electrochemical gradient to the resting state. After an action potential has occurred, there is a transient negative shift, called the afterhyperpolarization or refractory period, due to additional potassium currents. This mechanism prevents an action potential from traveling back the way it just came.In animal cells, there are two primary types of action potentials. One type is generated by voltage-gated sodium channels, the other by voltage-gated calcium channels. Sodium-based action potentials usually last for under one millisecond, whereas calcium-based action potentials may last for 100 milliseconds or longer. In some types of neurons, slow calcium spikes provide the driving force for a long burst of rapidly emitted sodium spikes. In cardiac muscle cells, on the other hand, an initial fast sodium spike provides a ""primer"" to provoke the rapid onset of a calcium spike, which then produces muscle contraction.