Olfactory tubercle neurons exhibit slowphasic firing patterns during
... in close proximity (Heimer and Wilson, 1975; Shipley et al., 1995; Ikemoto, 2007). Because of the cellular, afferent, and efferent similarities between the OT and the NAcc, Heimer and Wilson suggested both brain regions to be part of the ventral striatal system. Furthermore, they believed the OT and ...
... in close proximity (Heimer and Wilson, 1975; Shipley et al., 1995; Ikemoto, 2007). Because of the cellular, afferent, and efferent similarities between the OT and the NAcc, Heimer and Wilson suggested both brain regions to be part of the ventral striatal system. Furthermore, they believed the OT and ...
Neural networks
... • Connection only to the next layer • The weights of the connections (between two layers) can be changed • Activation functions are used to calculate whether the neuron fires • Three-layer network: • Input layer • Hidden layer • Output layer ...
... • Connection only to the next layer • The weights of the connections (between two layers) can be changed • Activation functions are used to calculate whether the neuron fires • Three-layer network: • Input layer • Hidden layer • Output layer ...
neural mechanisms of animal behavior
... at the present time the neurophysiologist can apply his methods in no other way. Related to this problem is the question of nerve tracts and centers in the performance of behavior. It is obvious that specific pathways convey afferent impulses from the latter to the effectors. Centers are junction po ...
... at the present time the neurophysiologist can apply his methods in no other way. Related to this problem is the question of nerve tracts and centers in the performance of behavior. It is obvious that specific pathways convey afferent impulses from the latter to the effectors. Centers are junction po ...
Endocrine and nervous systems
... resulting in decreased secretion of a specific hormone. This disorder is characterized by the excretion of large volumes of urine and subsequent dehydration and thirst. A person with dibetes insipidus can be treated by inhaling a spray containing the hormone that is deficient. The spray is inhaled s ...
... resulting in decreased secretion of a specific hormone. This disorder is characterized by the excretion of large volumes of urine and subsequent dehydration and thirst. A person with dibetes insipidus can be treated by inhaling a spray containing the hormone that is deficient. The spray is inhaled s ...
PDF
... Following this, Vsevolod Pudovkin explains his camera technique in the "Mechanics of the brain" as the result of dealing with Pavlov's reflexology: "I became aware of the fact that the photographical exactness in fixing a movement allows one to catch this much more accurately than with a simple obse ...
... Following this, Vsevolod Pudovkin explains his camera technique in the "Mechanics of the brain" as the result of dealing with Pavlov's reflexology: "I became aware of the fact that the photographical exactness in fixing a movement allows one to catch this much more accurately than with a simple obse ...
Permeability, Osmosis, and Edema
... Dr. Drummond’s teaching point is that in the periphery, any reduction in colloid has a significant osmotic effect, because only the colloid is impermeant. The other solutes, small molecules such as electrolytes, pass freely through the membranes and therefore do not have an osmotic effect. In the br ...
... Dr. Drummond’s teaching point is that in the periphery, any reduction in colloid has a significant osmotic effect, because only the colloid is impermeant. The other solutes, small molecules such as electrolytes, pass freely through the membranes and therefore do not have an osmotic effect. In the br ...
Synopsis: Overview Perception Retina Central projections LGN
... Left panel: correlation structure of input to the retina (top) and olfactory bulb (bottom). Red indicates the degree of correlated input relative to the indicated point (asterisk). In the retina, neighboring circuits of neurons receive similar information, allowing for center surround inhibition and ...
... Left panel: correlation structure of input to the retina (top) and olfactory bulb (bottom). Red indicates the degree of correlated input relative to the indicated point (asterisk). In the retina, neighboring circuits of neurons receive similar information, allowing for center surround inhibition and ...
Anatomy and Physiology
... group of cells, or target tissue. • The effect of a hormone is to alter the metabolism of the target tissue. • Organs of the endocrine system include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, as well as the pancrease, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus ...
... group of cells, or target tissue. • The effect of a hormone is to alter the metabolism of the target tissue. • Organs of the endocrine system include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, as well as the pancrease, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus ...
The neurobiology of play - Interaction Lab | University of
... can be linked to brain mechanisms and the nervous system for explaining why these patterns of play are noticeable. The question of what constitutes play is of critical importance to any attempt to study this aspect of behavior, and in this regard there is considerable ambiguity, as surveyed comprehe ...
... can be linked to brain mechanisms and the nervous system for explaining why these patterns of play are noticeable. The question of what constitutes play is of critical importance to any attempt to study this aspect of behavior, and in this regard there is considerable ambiguity, as surveyed comprehe ...
The Autonomic Nervous System
... ANS structures in the PNS – ganglionic neurons, the adrenal medulla, and all autonomic ganglia – derive from the neural crest ...
... ANS structures in the PNS – ganglionic neurons, the adrenal medulla, and all autonomic ganglia – derive from the neural crest ...
wood ant (formica lugubris zett.)
... was based on the assumption t h a t the average section is 0.15 t~ thick). W e shall refer to these gaps as "glial windows". Inside these glial windows one finds soma-somatic junctions. T w o features of these junctions deserve m e n t i o n i n g : 1) T h e contact surface of two nerve cell bodies ...
... was based on the assumption t h a t the average section is 0.15 t~ thick). W e shall refer to these gaps as "glial windows". Inside these glial windows one finds soma-somatic junctions. T w o features of these junctions deserve m e n t i o n i n g : 1) T h e contact surface of two nerve cell bodies ...
Functional features of the rat subicular microcircuits studied in vitro
... depending on the voltage range over which bursts are being induced. The IH , for example, is de-activated by depolarization from hyperpolarized levels of the membrane potential, which together with the activation of LVA Ca2+ currents could shape bursts induced by current injection from hyperpolarize ...
... depending on the voltage range over which bursts are being induced. The IH , for example, is de-activated by depolarization from hyperpolarized levels of the membrane potential, which together with the activation of LVA Ca2+ currents could shape bursts induced by current injection from hyperpolarize ...
neural correlates of associative face memory in
... associative pair-selective neurons (upper, black); and face-responsive but not associative pair-responsive neurons (lower, gray). Arrows indicate the ISI values of the neurons depicted in Fig. 2 (black) and Fig. 3 (white), which were 0.5667 and 0.4201, respectively. ...
... associative pair-selective neurons (upper, black); and face-responsive but not associative pair-responsive neurons (lower, gray). Arrows indicate the ISI values of the neurons depicted in Fig. 2 (black) and Fig. 3 (white), which were 0.5667 and 0.4201, respectively. ...
Functions of the Nervous System: The Neuron
... cord, out the peripheral nerves, to the tissues and back again. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves that originate from the brain. Each pair passes through a hole in the cranium. The most important of these are the olfactory, optic, acoustic and vagus nerves. The olfactory nerves are responsibl ...
... cord, out the peripheral nerves, to the tissues and back again. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves that originate from the brain. Each pair passes through a hole in the cranium. The most important of these are the olfactory, optic, acoustic and vagus nerves. The olfactory nerves are responsibl ...
Sensory Nerves and Receptors
... dorsal horn. These neurons are either interneuron's (intermediate neurons) or second order neurons of their sensory pathway. 3. Proceeds in the spinal gray matter to relay on motor neurons in the ventral horn (the reflex arc of the stretch reflex). 4. Ascends without relay in the dorsal column of th ...
... dorsal horn. These neurons are either interneuron's (intermediate neurons) or second order neurons of their sensory pathway. 3. Proceeds in the spinal gray matter to relay on motor neurons in the ventral horn (the reflex arc of the stretch reflex). 4. Ascends without relay in the dorsal column of th ...
Functional Classification
... The second most prevalent congenital anomaly in the United States Substantial morbidity and mortality Folic acid supplementation and dietary fortification decrease the occurrence and recurrence of these anomalies Periconceptional folic acid supplementation can prevent 50% or more of NTDs Folate is ...
... The second most prevalent congenital anomaly in the United States Substantial morbidity and mortality Folic acid supplementation and dietary fortification decrease the occurrence and recurrence of these anomalies Periconceptional folic acid supplementation can prevent 50% or more of NTDs Folate is ...
Slide 1 - Elsevier
... cortex in layer IVC, revealed by injecting [3H]-proline into the vitreous of one eye. Light stripes (columns) represent sites containing the anterograde transported 3H-amino acid from the injected eye. Dark regions are occupied by axons driven by the other eye. (B) Monocular deprivation by lid sutur ...
... cortex in layer IVC, revealed by injecting [3H]-proline into the vitreous of one eye. Light stripes (columns) represent sites containing the anterograde transported 3H-amino acid from the injected eye. Dark regions are occupied by axons driven by the other eye. (B) Monocular deprivation by lid sutur ...
1 Understanding Neurotransmission and the Disease of Addiction (2
... information takes the form of a chemical signal. The specialized chemicals that carry the signals across the intercellular gaps, or synapses, are, thus, called neurotransmitters. These interactions are an essential component of the brain’s response to experience and the environment. Communication be ...
... information takes the form of a chemical signal. The specialized chemicals that carry the signals across the intercellular gaps, or synapses, are, thus, called neurotransmitters. These interactions are an essential component of the brain’s response to experience and the environment. Communication be ...
Creating new devices that emulate human biological
... demonstrated a bio-inspired solution to the diffusive dynamics that is fundamentally different from the Such neuromorphic computing in which standard technology for integrated circuits while microprocessors are configured more like human brains is one of the most promising transformative sharing gre ...
... demonstrated a bio-inspired solution to the diffusive dynamics that is fundamentally different from the Such neuromorphic computing in which standard technology for integrated circuits while microprocessors are configured more like human brains is one of the most promising transformative sharing gre ...
Nervous System - s3.amazonaws.com
... EX. Injury below C5 level – the person is paralyzed but can still breath on their own. If the injury is higher (C2) the motor impulses to the diaphragm are interrupted –can’t breathe w/o assistance ...
... EX. Injury below C5 level – the person is paralyzed but can still breath on their own. If the injury is higher (C2) the motor impulses to the diaphragm are interrupted –can’t breathe w/o assistance ...
Lachesin: an immunoglobulin superfamily protein whose expression
... and neurons all express Lachesin early in their lives, but expression becomes restricted to a subset of neurons as development progresses. Sensory neurons express Lachesin as they delaminate from the body wall ectoderm. Lachesin is also present on growing axons of the CNS and PNS and becomes restric ...
... and neurons all express Lachesin early in their lives, but expression becomes restricted to a subset of neurons as development progresses. Sensory neurons express Lachesin as they delaminate from the body wall ectoderm. Lachesin is also present on growing axons of the CNS and PNS and becomes restric ...
Neurons - Holterman
... 4. The sodium-potassium pump pushes 3 Na and 2 K against their concentration gradients using 1 ATP. It restores and maintains the resting potential by pushing more Na out of neuron and pushing more K into neuron. (But overall, it pushes more positive charges out of the cell than it brings in.) 5. T ...
... 4. The sodium-potassium pump pushes 3 Na and 2 K against their concentration gradients using 1 ATP. It restores and maintains the resting potential by pushing more Na out of neuron and pushing more K into neuron. (But overall, it pushes more positive charges out of the cell than it brings in.) 5. T ...
Synaptic Responses of Cortical Pyramidal Neurons to Light
... B, An extracellularrecordingof unit activity in the molecularlayerof the cortex(tap truce) revealsneuronsdischarging in response to a flashof light. The latencyof unit firing corresponds to the latencyof IPSPsrecordedintracellularlyin a nearbycorticalpyramidalneuron(lower truce). C, Schematicof the ...
... B, An extracellularrecordingof unit activity in the molecularlayerof the cortex(tap truce) revealsneuronsdischarging in response to a flashof light. The latencyof unit firing corresponds to the latencyof IPSPsrecordedintracellularlyin a nearbycorticalpyramidalneuron(lower truce). C, Schematicof the ...
Stem Cells as a Cure For Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
... into motor neurons by isolating ESCs from a mouse embryo and growing them in culture to produce embryoid bodies (EBs). These EBs produced very few of the neural progenitor state factors, Sox1, NeuN and TuJ1. In contrast, when retinoic acid (RA) was added to the culture, many neurons were detected, e ...
... into motor neurons by isolating ESCs from a mouse embryo and growing them in culture to produce embryoid bodies (EBs). These EBs produced very few of the neural progenitor state factors, Sox1, NeuN and TuJ1. In contrast, when retinoic acid (RA) was added to the culture, many neurons were detected, e ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.