Central Control of Motor Function
... Pathway of Pyramidal Axons • Some axons descend without decussation in ventral columns to form the medial (ventral) corticospinal tract. Most of these fibers cross to the opposite side of the cord in thoracic or cervical areas of cord. • Involved in control by supplementary motor area of bilateral ...
... Pathway of Pyramidal Axons • Some axons descend without decussation in ventral columns to form the medial (ventral) corticospinal tract. Most of these fibers cross to the opposite side of the cord in thoracic or cervical areas of cord. • Involved in control by supplementary motor area of bilateral ...
C. elegans neuronal regeneration is influenced by life stage, ephrin signaling, and synaptic branching
... Mechanosensory neurons are bipolar, with long anterior sensory axons and short posterior axons; their synaptic output is from collateral branches formed from their anterior axons (Fig. 2A). We first cut ALM axons at ⬃30% of their length (30–50 m from the ALM cell body); we cut PLMs at similar dista ...
... Mechanosensory neurons are bipolar, with long anterior sensory axons and short posterior axons; their synaptic output is from collateral branches formed from their anterior axons (Fig. 2A). We first cut ALM axons at ⬃30% of their length (30–50 m from the ALM cell body); we cut PLMs at similar dista ...
... In this study we found that in electrophysiologically identified EC layer V principal cells17, bath application of the cholinergic agent carbachol (CCh) (5 mM, n ¼ 38; 10 mM, n ¼ 49) blocked the slow afterhyperpolarization that follows a train of action potentials and, in most cases (84% and 98% in ...
Document
... primary motor cortex • When stimulated, muscles on the opposite side of the body contract. • Has complete representation of body’s musculature. • Greater space for fine motor control than for less precise motor control • Very focal stimulation --> organized movement (excitation and inhibition) Wed. ...
... primary motor cortex • When stimulated, muscles on the opposite side of the body contract. • Has complete representation of body’s musculature. • Greater space for fine motor control than for less precise motor control • Very focal stimulation --> organized movement (excitation and inhibition) Wed. ...
Reinforcement, and Punishment Striatal Mechanisms Underlying
... and make no conclusions about an organism’s hedonic state or whether it “likes” or “dislikes” the stimuli. Instead, the hedonic state of an organism can be described by the terms reward and aversion. Rewarding stimuli are those to which an animal assigns a positive hedonic value, whereas aversive st ...
... and make no conclusions about an organism’s hedonic state or whether it “likes” or “dislikes” the stimuli. Instead, the hedonic state of an organism can be described by the terms reward and aversion. Rewarding stimuli are those to which an animal assigns a positive hedonic value, whereas aversive st ...
Proceedings of 2013 BMI the Second International Conference on
... Recently, resting state-fMRI (rs-fMRI) has emerged as an effective way to investigate brain networks. In this technique, fMRI data is acquired when an individual is asked to do nothing but stay awake while lying in the MRI scanner. The rs-fMRI technique emerged from the phenomena that approximately ...
... Recently, resting state-fMRI (rs-fMRI) has emerged as an effective way to investigate brain networks. In this technique, fMRI data is acquired when an individual is asked to do nothing but stay awake while lying in the MRI scanner. The rs-fMRI technique emerged from the phenomena that approximately ...
Wang et al 2photon calcium imaging of odor in fly brain cell 2003
... microscopy (Denk et al., 1990) to determine the relationship of the anatomic and the functional map in the antennal lobe of the fruit fly. We have expressed G-CaMP (Nakai et al., 2001) in primary olfactory sensory neurons and projection neurons (PNs). The ability to express G-CaMP in genetically def ...
... microscopy (Denk et al., 1990) to determine the relationship of the anatomic and the functional map in the antennal lobe of the fruit fly. We have expressed G-CaMP (Nakai et al., 2001) in primary olfactory sensory neurons and projection neurons (PNs). The ability to express G-CaMP in genetically def ...
Olfactory Coding in the Honeybee Lateral Horn
... odorants. In addition, a clear segregation of odorants based on pheromone type is found in both structures. The lateral horn thus contains an odor-specific map with distinct representations for the different bee pheromones, a prerequisite for eliciting specific behaviors. Results Olfactory Coding in ...
... odorants. In addition, a clear segregation of odorants based on pheromone type is found in both structures. The lateral horn thus contains an odor-specific map with distinct representations for the different bee pheromones, a prerequisite for eliciting specific behaviors. Results Olfactory Coding in ...
Chapter 48
... Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses At electrical synapses, the electrical current flows from one neuron to another through gap junctions At chemical synapses, a chemical neurotransmitter carries information between neurons ...
... Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses At electrical synapses, the electrical current flows from one neuron to another through gap junctions At chemical synapses, a chemical neurotransmitter carries information between neurons ...
Design and analysis of fMRI studies with neurologically impaired
... in the interactions among brain regions. The distinction between studies of functional segregation and integration is crucial for imaging patients because some patients suffer from abnormal functional segregation (i.e., the function of a discrete cortical area is abnormal) while others suffer from a ...
... in the interactions among brain regions. The distinction between studies of functional segregation and integration is crucial for imaging patients because some patients suffer from abnormal functional segregation (i.e., the function of a discrete cortical area is abnormal) while others suffer from a ...
Increased leak conductance alters ISI variability.
... State of neurons in an active network Total synaptic conductance received by the neuron (over a period of time) is larger than its resting conductance Found in thalamocortical system especially cerebral cortex Neurons can integrate differently in this state Can be reproduced by dynamic-clamp experim ...
... State of neurons in an active network Total synaptic conductance received by the neuron (over a period of time) is larger than its resting conductance Found in thalamocortical system especially cerebral cortex Neurons can integrate differently in this state Can be reproduced by dynamic-clamp experim ...
UNIT 1 – INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
... -When carbon dioxide in your blood rises to dangerously high levels, your breathing rate speeds up. Because nerve cells are highly irritable and communicate rapidly with each other via electrical impulses, the nervous system is most involved with responsiveness. However, all body cells are irritable ...
... -When carbon dioxide in your blood rises to dangerously high levels, your breathing rate speeds up. Because nerve cells are highly irritable and communicate rapidly with each other via electrical impulses, the nervous system is most involved with responsiveness. However, all body cells are irritable ...
48 BIOLOGY 1. Overview of Neurons 11/3/2014
... Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses At electrical synapses, the electrical current flows from one neuron to another through gap junctions At chemical synapses, a chemical neurotransmitter carries information between neurons ...
... Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses At electrical synapses, the electrical current flows from one neuron to another through gap junctions At chemical synapses, a chemical neurotransmitter carries information between neurons ...
A Double-labeling Investigation of the Afferent Connectivity to
... of the visual field cortical surface (Van Essen, 1979; Kaas, 1980; Tusa et al., 1981), numerous studies have addressed the question of their afferent connectivity. Anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques have demonstrated extensive redundancy in the connections of these visual areas. In other ...
... of the visual field cortical surface (Van Essen, 1979; Kaas, 1980; Tusa et al., 1981), numerous studies have addressed the question of their afferent connectivity. Anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques have demonstrated extensive redundancy in the connections of these visual areas. In other ...
Neural Control of Breathing (By Mohit Chhabra)
... The Ventral respiratory group of neurons is found in the nucleus ambiguus rostrally and the nucleus retroambiguus caudally. The VRG contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons. The neurons of the ventral respiratory group remain almost totally inactive during normal quiet respiration. The VRG i ...
... The Ventral respiratory group of neurons is found in the nucleus ambiguus rostrally and the nucleus retroambiguus caudally. The VRG contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons. The neurons of the ventral respiratory group remain almost totally inactive during normal quiet respiration. The VRG i ...
Interval time coding by neurons in the presupplementary and
... the cerebellum and basal ganglia in controlling different aspects of behavior have been proposed: automatic versus cognitive aspects of behavior10 or precise-timing versus threshold-setting distinctions11. As for the involvement of cortical areas, the posterior parietal and prefrontal cortex were th ...
... the cerebellum and basal ganglia in controlling different aspects of behavior have been proposed: automatic versus cognitive aspects of behavior10 or precise-timing versus threshold-setting distinctions11. As for the involvement of cortical areas, the posterior parietal and prefrontal cortex were th ...
A dedicated circuit links direction-selective retinal
... How specific features in the environment are represented within the brain is an important unanswered question in neuroscience. A subset of retinal neurons, called direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs), are specialized for detecting motion along specific axes of the visual field1. Despite extens ...
... How specific features in the environment are represented within the brain is an important unanswered question in neuroscience. A subset of retinal neurons, called direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs), are specialized for detecting motion along specific axes of the visual field1. Despite extens ...
The Psychopathology of Pain
... lamina I & II receive primarily nociceptive input via Aδ and C-fibers of different sub-classes lamina III & IV receive non-nociceptive, innocuous input via Aβ fibers lamina V contains the Wide Dynamic Response (WDR) neurons that receive input from a variety of classes such that they respond to a wid ...
... lamina I & II receive primarily nociceptive input via Aδ and C-fibers of different sub-classes lamina III & IV receive non-nociceptive, innocuous input via Aβ fibers lamina V contains the Wide Dynamic Response (WDR) neurons that receive input from a variety of classes such that they respond to a wid ...
Emotion and decision-making explained: A prEcis
... by the action system as being the goals for action. The action systems must be built to try to maximize the activation of the representations produced by rewarding events, and to minimize the activation of the representations produced by punishers or stimuli associated with punishers. Drug addiction ...
... by the action system as being the goals for action. The action systems must be built to try to maximize the activation of the representations produced by rewarding events, and to minimize the activation of the representations produced by punishers or stimuli associated with punishers. Drug addiction ...
Mechanisms of response homeostasis during retinocollicular map
... onto individual neurons of the mouse superior colliculus is preserved regardless of the size of their visual receptive fields, a phenomenon we term ‘response homeostasis’. Here, we argue that regulating the capacity for synaptic plasticity and controlling the number and strength of retinocollicular ...
... onto individual neurons of the mouse superior colliculus is preserved regardless of the size of their visual receptive fields, a phenomenon we term ‘response homeostasis’. Here, we argue that regulating the capacity for synaptic plasticity and controlling the number and strength of retinocollicular ...
Pre- or postsynaptic distribution of distinct endocannabinoid
... the reduction of further neurotransmitter release from the axon terminals (Wilson & Nicoll, 2002). Variations of this basic functional logic are responsible for various forms of short-term and longterm synaptic plasticity mediated by 2-AG (Chevaleyre et al, 2006), which can be the mechanisms underly ...
... the reduction of further neurotransmitter release from the axon terminals (Wilson & Nicoll, 2002). Variations of this basic functional logic are responsible for various forms of short-term and longterm synaptic plasticity mediated by 2-AG (Chevaleyre et al, 2006), which can be the mechanisms underly ...
Melting the Iceberg
... modular, i.e., they are repeated across cortical areas to apply similar computations to different purposes. If so, our best bet to understand them might be to study the primary visual cortex (V1). Area V1 is arguably the ‘‘giant squid axon’’ of cortical neurophysiology: we can control its sensory in ...
... modular, i.e., they are repeated across cortical areas to apply similar computations to different purposes. If so, our best bet to understand them might be to study the primary visual cortex (V1). Area V1 is arguably the ‘‘giant squid axon’’ of cortical neurophysiology: we can control its sensory in ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.