Neurotransmitters
... – Can spread to axon hillock, trigger opening of voltage-gated channels, and cause AP to be generated © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... – Can spread to axon hillock, trigger opening of voltage-gated channels, and cause AP to be generated © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
3 state neurons for contextual processing
... Where might such an architecture be used? In the CAl region of the hippocampus, pyramidal cells receive two distinct , spatially segregated input pathways: the perforant path from cortex and the Schaffer collaterals from the CA3 region. The perforant path has a very large NMDA receptor content [14] ...
... Where might such an architecture be used? In the CAl region of the hippocampus, pyramidal cells receive two distinct , spatially segregated input pathways: the perforant path from cortex and the Schaffer collaterals from the CA3 region. The perforant path has a very large NMDA receptor content [14] ...
RESPIRATION
... remain when other chemostimulation is lost synergistic with CO2 response (hypoxia increases sensitivity to hypercapnia) NOTE: If PO2 is very low, then all CNS neurons including respiratory neurons, become depressed, so respiratory ventilation is reduced or ceases activity. ...
... remain when other chemostimulation is lost synergistic with CO2 response (hypoxia increases sensitivity to hypercapnia) NOTE: If PO2 is very low, then all CNS neurons including respiratory neurons, become depressed, so respiratory ventilation is reduced or ceases activity. ...
Electrophysiological characterization of Na transporter
... molecular target for drugs used to treat affective disorders such as depression. SERT belongs to the family ...
... molecular target for drugs used to treat affective disorders such as depression. SERT belongs to the family ...
Lecture-20-2013-Bi
... Proust, Remembrance of Things Past “as soon as I had recognized the taste of the piece of madeleine soaked in her decoction of lime-blossom which my aunt used to give me (although I did not yet know and must long postpone the discovery of why this memory made me so happy) immediately the old grey h ...
... Proust, Remembrance of Things Past “as soon as I had recognized the taste of the piece of madeleine soaked in her decoction of lime-blossom which my aunt used to give me (although I did not yet know and must long postpone the discovery of why this memory made me so happy) immediately the old grey h ...
the autonomic nervous system
... Somatic Motor Pathway – Cell bodies are in the CNS and their axons extend from the CNS to skeletal muscle. Autonomic Motor Pathways – Consist of sets of two motor (efferent) neurons in series (one following the other). ...
... Somatic Motor Pathway – Cell bodies are in the CNS and their axons extend from the CNS to skeletal muscle. Autonomic Motor Pathways – Consist of sets of two motor (efferent) neurons in series (one following the other). ...
A Self-Organizing Neural Network That Learns to
... across sequences of neurons along a motion trajectory. A movingvisual object activates neurons along a chain; each activated neuron transmits predictive lateral excitatory connections to other neurons farther along the chain. However, during occlusion events, some predictive lateral excitatory signa ...
... across sequences of neurons along a motion trajectory. A movingvisual object activates neurons along a chain; each activated neuron transmits predictive lateral excitatory connections to other neurons farther along the chain. However, during occlusion events, some predictive lateral excitatory signa ...
Synaptic function: Dendritic democracy
... postsynaptic receptors change with distance from the soma. Evidence from the goldfish Mauthner cell indicates that the size of postsynaptic glycine receptor clusters increases with distance from the soma [7]. In CA1 pyramidal neurons, experiments using local uncaging of caged glutamate have shown th ...
... postsynaptic receptors change with distance from the soma. Evidence from the goldfish Mauthner cell indicates that the size of postsynaptic glycine receptor clusters increases with distance from the soma [7]. In CA1 pyramidal neurons, experiments using local uncaging of caged glutamate have shown th ...
Enlightenment - The Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science
... visual processing. Somatostatin inhibitory neurons make up roughly 15% of the interneurons in the cortex and synapse primarily on pyramidal cell apical dendrites, but their function is unknown (10). The researchers expressed ChR2 in two to five somatostatin neurons in mouse visual cortex. They then ...
... visual processing. Somatostatin inhibitory neurons make up roughly 15% of the interneurons in the cortex and synapse primarily on pyramidal cell apical dendrites, but their function is unknown (10). The researchers expressed ChR2 in two to five somatostatin neurons in mouse visual cortex. They then ...
Control of a Robot Arm with Artificial and Biological Neural Networks
... provide a system for investigating how incoming signals are integrated by neuronal networks, and how this integration affects the structure of the network. ...
... provide a system for investigating how incoming signals are integrated by neuronal networks, and how this integration affects the structure of the network. ...
03/14 PPT
... Plan: monitor neural activation in the brain Technologies: calcium-sensitive dyes, voltage-sensitive dyes and intrinsic signals (changes in blood flow, oxygen levels) Results: •Odors activate a few glomeruli •Same glomeruli activated on repeated exposure •Different odors activate different glomeruli ...
... Plan: monitor neural activation in the brain Technologies: calcium-sensitive dyes, voltage-sensitive dyes and intrinsic signals (changes in blood flow, oxygen levels) Results: •Odors activate a few glomeruli •Same glomeruli activated on repeated exposure •Different odors activate different glomeruli ...
The Brain Implements Optimal Decision Making between Alternative Actions
... We now show how the test defined by Eq. 2 may be performed in a biologically constrained network model of BG. For simplicity of explanation here we show how Eq. 2 maps onto a model of BG including only subset of the known anatomical connections. We exclude the connections marked by dotted lines in F ...
... We now show how the test defined by Eq. 2 may be performed in a biologically constrained network model of BG. For simplicity of explanation here we show how Eq. 2 maps onto a model of BG including only subset of the known anatomical connections. We exclude the connections marked by dotted lines in F ...
Induction of c-fos Expression in Hypothalamic Magnocellular
... increasein oxytocin neuronal firing during lactation. Thus, either the pattern of activity during lactation is not suitable for the induction of C-$X or an appropriate synaptically driven mechanismis not operating. C&s transcription can be induced in cells by a number of secondmessenger systems,incl ...
... increasein oxytocin neuronal firing during lactation. Thus, either the pattern of activity during lactation is not suitable for the induction of C-$X or an appropriate synaptically driven mechanismis not operating. C&s transcription can be induced in cells by a number of secondmessenger systems,incl ...
Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders
... Mg2+ -induced epileptiform activity of brain slices and slice cultures (cf. [43]). Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I is very likely to be the most important source of production of these ROS [16]. Moreover, increased production of ROS is a feature of partially respiratory chain complex I-inh ...
... Mg2+ -induced epileptiform activity of brain slices and slice cultures (cf. [43]). Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I is very likely to be the most important source of production of these ROS [16]. Moreover, increased production of ROS is a feature of partially respiratory chain complex I-inh ...
The relative advantages of sparse versus distributed encoding for
... (1970, 1971). It should be noted in particular that for a large net the sum Z,(Jikv may be substituted with an average over the patterns, leading to a subtraction mechanism which need not reflect synaptic modification and therefore might be much more easily realized in the brain. 2.3. Learning rules ...
... (1970, 1971). It should be noted in particular that for a large net the sum Z,(Jikv may be substituted with an average over the patterns, leading to a subtraction mechanism which need not reflect synaptic modification and therefore might be much more easily realized in the brain. 2.3. Learning rules ...
Connections of the Hypothalamus
... Model of the basic plan of the hypothalamus. It is convenient to start with the activation of a particular node (black) in the behavior control column. Note two classes of output. One consists of ‘descending’ projections to brainstem, and in some cases spinal, regions associated with the somatic and ...
... Model of the basic plan of the hypothalamus. It is convenient to start with the activation of a particular node (black) in the behavior control column. Note two classes of output. One consists of ‘descending’ projections to brainstem, and in some cases spinal, regions associated with the somatic and ...
fluctuations in somatosensory responsiveness and baseline firing
... The main effect of decreasing striatal dopamine transmission was to selectively derestrict the magnitudes of fluctuations in striatal somatosensory responsiveness. Fluctuations in both directions were greater in the APO group, compared with the NORMAL group, followed by a return to a lack of differe ...
... The main effect of decreasing striatal dopamine transmission was to selectively derestrict the magnitudes of fluctuations in striatal somatosensory responsiveness. Fluctuations in both directions were greater in the APO group, compared with the NORMAL group, followed by a return to a lack of differe ...
Teacher Guide
... receptors – special molecules on dendrites that taste each specific neurotransmitter. both neurotransmitter and receptor have to fit together like a lock and key synapse – a gap between two neurons forming the site of information transfer from one neuron to another; place where neurotransmitters are ...
... receptors – special molecules on dendrites that taste each specific neurotransmitter. both neurotransmitter and receptor have to fit together like a lock and key synapse – a gap between two neurons forming the site of information transfer from one neuron to another; place where neurotransmitters are ...
Nasal Chemesthesis: The Effect on Respiration of n
... injected into the flow of Ringer’s (10 ml/min), which was allowed to drip from the rat’s nose. Concentrations are reported for the injected solutions. Rats were restrained in a head holder and a thermistor wire connected to an amplifier was placed into the breathing cannula. Using the Acqknowledge® ...
... injected into the flow of Ringer’s (10 ml/min), which was allowed to drip from the rat’s nose. Concentrations are reported for the injected solutions. Rats were restrained in a head holder and a thermistor wire connected to an amplifier was placed into the breathing cannula. Using the Acqknowledge® ...
Neuronal oscillations and brain wave dynamics in a LIF model
... brain region responsible for the symptoms. When they start to put current on the electrodes, we can see how his trembling hand instantly relaxes. It’s astounding that technology has come this far. But what strikes me the most, is what the neurologist in the studio tells us about the procedure: they ...
... brain region responsible for the symptoms. When they start to put current on the electrodes, we can see how his trembling hand instantly relaxes. It’s astounding that technology has come this far. But what strikes me the most, is what the neurologist in the studio tells us about the procedure: they ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.