Chapter 2 - Dr. Dorena Rode
... To some students the prospect of studying chemistry in a biology or physiology class is frightening. However, it is possible to simplify the vast field of chemistry painlessly and to apply many of the basic chemical concepts directly to those in physiology. Chapter 2 does this well. Of the entire pe ...
... To some students the prospect of studying chemistry in a biology or physiology class is frightening. However, it is possible to simplify the vast field of chemistry painlessly and to apply many of the basic chemical concepts directly to those in physiology. Chapter 2 does this well. Of the entire pe ...
File
... outside of them. • The carbon molecules were so complex, scientists thought they must have been made in some unknown way. They called these carbon compounds organic compounds ...
... outside of them. • The carbon molecules were so complex, scientists thought they must have been made in some unknown way. They called these carbon compounds organic compounds ...
Chemical Stability
... • All elements want chemical stability. • This can happen by: 1. Forming Ions 2. Forming chemical bonds (making compounds) ...
... • All elements want chemical stability. • This can happen by: 1. Forming Ions 2. Forming chemical bonds (making compounds) ...
CHM1032 Study Guide for Final Exam (including Details for sections... This study guide is only for additional information not covered... Revised December 3, 2014
... Chapter 16: proteins, classification of proteins and their functions (Table 16.1, p.553), amino acids, peptide bonds, primary structure of proteins, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure, denaturation of proteins, causes of denaturation (p. 568-570). enzyme (p.571) is a prote ...
... Chapter 16: proteins, classification of proteins and their functions (Table 16.1, p.553), amino acids, peptide bonds, primary structure of proteins, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure, denaturation of proteins, causes of denaturation (p. 568-570). enzyme (p.571) is a prote ...
Alcohols - ChemistryHSC
... Alcohols Functional group: -OH. Hydroxyl group covalently bonded to an alkyl chain or benzene ring (called phenols) Many naturally occurring in nature: glucose C6H12O6, glycerol C3H8O3 Most common alcohol is ethanol, which has been produced for thousands of years – Egyptian workers given beer ration ...
... Alcohols Functional group: -OH. Hydroxyl group covalently bonded to an alkyl chain or benzene ring (called phenols) Many naturally occurring in nature: glucose C6H12O6, glycerol C3H8O3 Most common alcohol is ethanol, which has been produced for thousands of years – Egyptian workers given beer ration ...
Chemical Bonding
... is a method chemists use to separate compounds from one another, but not change them. The polar regions of these molecules are attracted to polar regions of the cellulose chains (which help to hold the fibers together in paper). Not surprisingly, water molecules, being polar, are also attracted to t ...
... is a method chemists use to separate compounds from one another, but not change them. The polar regions of these molecules are attracted to polar regions of the cellulose chains (which help to hold the fibers together in paper). Not surprisingly, water molecules, being polar, are also attracted to t ...
Nomenclature Summary
... 2. Number the carbons in the chain from the end nearest the first branch (to give lowest set of numbers). 3. Identify substituents. If more than one substituent of the same kind is present, use the prefixes “di”, “tri”, “tetra”. 4. Locate the substituents by the number of the carbon to which they ar ...
... 2. Number the carbons in the chain from the end nearest the first branch (to give lowest set of numbers). 3. Identify substituents. If more than one substituent of the same kind is present, use the prefixes “di”, “tri”, “tetra”. 4. Locate the substituents by the number of the carbon to which they ar ...
The Atomic Theory, and the Structure of Matter
... chemical bond forms between them if the new arrangement of their valence electrons have less energy than their previous arrangement. For many atoms that new arrangement of their electrons will be that of their closest noble gas. Atoms may acquire a valence shell like that of its closest noble gas in ...
... chemical bond forms between them if the new arrangement of their valence electrons have less energy than their previous arrangement. For many atoms that new arrangement of their electrons will be that of their closest noble gas. Atoms may acquire a valence shell like that of its closest noble gas in ...
Unit 3: Bonding and Nomenclature Content Outline: Chemical
... B. Energy is released in bond formation between atoms. C. Energy is required in the breaking of a bond between atoms. 1. The energy to make or break a bond is referred to as bond energy. 2. It is reported as kiloJoules/mole (kJ/mol) 3. The octet rule applied to the number of bonds an element can mak ...
... B. Energy is released in bond formation between atoms. C. Energy is required in the breaking of a bond between atoms. 1. The energy to make or break a bond is referred to as bond energy. 2. It is reported as kiloJoules/mole (kJ/mol) 3. The octet rule applied to the number of bonds an element can mak ...
Handout 5
... Generally speaking, cyclic alkanes found in nature have five or six-membered rings. On the other hand, compounds with three and four-membered rings are found much less frequently. This observation suggested that alkanes with five- and six-membered rings must be more stable than those with three- or ...
... Generally speaking, cyclic alkanes found in nature have five or six-membered rings. On the other hand, compounds with three and four-membered rings are found much less frequently. This observation suggested that alkanes with five- and six-membered rings must be more stable than those with three- or ...
Chapter 22 Organic Chemistry
... each of these reactions also gives one mole of water as a product, they are sometimes called condensation reactions. Some students have trouble spotting and naming esters. They see them and name them as a ketone next to an ether. They are not! They are esters, and they behave differently, so we name ...
... each of these reactions also gives one mole of water as a product, they are sometimes called condensation reactions. Some students have trouble spotting and naming esters. They see them and name them as a ketone next to an ether. They are not! They are esters, and they behave differently, so we name ...
Determining structure of copper complexes with nicotinic
... Aroylhydrazones can be involved in keto-enol tautomeric interconversion, when the hydrogen atom in keto form moves from amino to carbonyl group, forming an enol form [1]. In addition, if aldehyde moiety has a hydroxyl group situated in ortho-position with respect to the C=N double bond, the aldehyde ...
... Aroylhydrazones can be involved in keto-enol tautomeric interconversion, when the hydrogen atom in keto form moves from amino to carbonyl group, forming an enol form [1]. In addition, if aldehyde moiety has a hydroxyl group situated in ortho-position with respect to the C=N double bond, the aldehyde ...
Module 8: Descriptive Chemistry
... – Disproportionation in basic solution: (CN)2 + 2OH- à CN- + OCN- + H2O ...
... – Disproportionation in basic solution: (CN)2 + 2OH- à CN- + OCN- + H2O ...
Chapter 9
... • A __________ is a large molecule that forms when many smaller molecules are linked together by covalent bonds. • The smaller molecules that join together to form a polymer are __________. • Poly- means “______” • Mono – means “______” ...
... • A __________ is a large molecule that forms when many smaller molecules are linked together by covalent bonds. • The smaller molecules that join together to form a polymer are __________. • Poly- means “______” • Mono – means “______” ...
CHAPTER 11 BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE:
... Elimination • In the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid and heat an alcohol will eliminate water and form an alkene; the reverse of how alcohols are formed. ...
... Elimination • In the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid and heat an alcohol will eliminate water and form an alkene; the reverse of how alcohols are formed. ...
Structure and Bonding in Organic Compounds
... These two isomers have different names. Isomer “A” is named 1-butene, because the double bond starts with carbon #1 in a 4-carbon chain. Isomer “B” is named 2-butene, since the double bond starts at carbon #2 in the 4-carbon chain. Now, hold your model of 2-butene such that the double bond is straig ...
... These two isomers have different names. Isomer “A” is named 1-butene, because the double bond starts with carbon #1 in a 4-carbon chain. Isomer “B” is named 2-butene, since the double bond starts at carbon #2 in the 4-carbon chain. Now, hold your model of 2-butene such that the double bond is straig ...
Hydrogen bonds
... • If atoms have similar electronegativities, they share electrons equally (nonpolar covalent bond). • If atoms have different electronegativities, electrons tend to be near the most attractive atom, forming a polar covalent bond. ...
... • If atoms have similar electronegativities, they share electrons equally (nonpolar covalent bond). • If atoms have different electronegativities, electrons tend to be near the most attractive atom, forming a polar covalent bond. ...
CHAPTER 2
... To some students the prospect of studying chemistry in a biology or physiology class is frightening. However, it is possible to simplify the vast field of chemistry painlessly and to apply many of the basic chemical concepts directly to those in physiology. Chapter 2 does this well. Of the entire pe ...
... To some students the prospect of studying chemistry in a biology or physiology class is frightening. However, it is possible to simplify the vast field of chemistry painlessly and to apply many of the basic chemical concepts directly to those in physiology. Chapter 2 does this well. Of the entire pe ...
Aromaticity
In organic chemistry, the term aromaticity is formally used to describe an unusually stable nature of some flat rings of atoms. These structures contain a number of double bonds that interact with each other according to certain rules. As a result of their being so stable, such rings tend to form easily, and once formed, tend to be difficult to break in chemical reactions. Since one of the most commonly encountered aromatic system of compounds in organic chemistry is based on derivatives of the prototypical aromatic compound benzene (common in petroleum), the word “aromatic” is occasionally used to refer informally to benzene derivatives, and this is how it was first defined. Nevertheless, many non-benzene aromatic compounds exist. In living organisms, for example, the most common aromatic rings are the double-ringed bases in RNA and DNA.The earliest use of the term “aromatic” was in an article by August Wilhelm Hofmann in 1855. Hofmann used the term for a class of benzene compounds, many of which do have odors (unlike pure saturated hydrocarbons). Today, there is no general relationship between aromaticity as a chemical property and the olfactory properties of such compounds, although in 1855, before the structure of benzene or organic compounds was understood, chemists like Hofmann were beginning to understand that odiferous molecules from plants, such as terpenes, had chemical properties we recognize today are similar to unsaturated petroleum hydrocarbons like benzene.In terms of the electronic nature of the molecule, aromaticity describes the way a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs of electrons, or empty molecular orbitals exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone. Aromaticity can be considered a manifestation of cyclic delocalization and of resonance. This is usually considered to be because electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms that are alternately single- and double-bonded to one another. These bonds may be seen as a hybrid of a single bond and a double bond, each bond in the ring identical to every other. This commonly seen model of aromatic rings, namely the idea that benzene was formed from a six-membered carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds (cyclohexatriene), was developed by August Kekulé (see History section below). The model for benzene consists of two resonance forms, which corresponds to the double and single bonds superimposing to produce six one-and-a-half bonds. Benzene is a more stable molecule than would be expected without accounting for charge delocalization.