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Is the electron a photon with toroidal topology?

... Another approach to solving the problems in the classical theory is to rede ne the electromagnetic eld energy and momentum in explicitly covariant form.[33, 34] If we want to ...
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... In the early 1980s the Max-Planck-Society inherited the Ringberg castle located in the picturesque Bavarian mountains next to Lake Tegernsee. The MaxPlanck Institute for Quantum Optics was one of the first institutes that started using this facility as a retreat to review its progress in the various ...
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Femtosecond Wavepacket Spectroscopy: Influence of Temperature

... The same argument applies to probe diffraction off a pumpinduced transient grating, since the grating does not exist without the pump. Time-resolved pump-probe spectroscopies detect only a change caused by the pump. In section IV, we shall show that this allows any pump-probe signal to be calculated ...
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Neutral Atom Quantum Computing with Rydberg Blockade

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Population inversion

In science, specifically statistical mechanics, a population inversion occurs while a system (such as a group of atoms or molecules) exists in a state with more members in an excited state than in lower energy states. It is called an ""inversion"" because in many familiar and commonly encountered physical systems, this is not possible. The concept is of fundamental importance in laser science because the production of a population inversion is a necessary step in the workings of a standard laser.
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