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Recommendations for the Management of Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Recommendations for the Management of Hepatitis C Virus Infection

... of Research, Cluster Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, and 21Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and 22HIV/Immunology/Infectious Diseases Clinical Services Unit, St Vincent’s Hospita ...
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... 2010;303:235-241. 4. Flegal KM, et al. JAMA. 2012;307:491-497. 5. Ogden CL, et al. JAMA. 2014;311:806-814. 6. Harris MI, et al. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:518-524. 7. CDC. Diabetes data & trends. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/prev/national/figraceethsex.htm and http://www.cdc.gov ...
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... cyanosis characterize the terminal stages of both forms of the disease. The case fatality rate for gastrointestinal anthrax ranges from 25 to 60%. Meningitis: Meningitis occurs in less than 5% of cases, and may be a complication of any form of anthrax (inhalational, gastrointestinal or cutaneous). R ...
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... cancer diagnoses with respect to distance from the Hopewell Precision site and contaminant plume, are included in the Appendix to this document. (No other changes were made to the draft Health Consultation document released in November of 2009.) This health statistics review looks at levels of healt ...
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Syndemic

A syndemic is the aggregation of two or more diseases in a population in which there is some level of positive biological interaction that exacerbates the negative health effects of any or all of the diseases. The term was developed and introduced by Merrill Singer in several articles in the mid-1990s and has since received growing attention and use among epidemiologists and medical anthropologists concerned with community health and the effects of social conditions on health, culminating in a recent textbook. Syndemics tend to develop under conditions of health disparity, caused by poverty, stress, or structural violence, and contribute to a significant burden of disease in affected populations. The term syndemic is further reserved to label the consequential interactions between concurrent or sequential diseases in a population and in relation to the social conditions that cluster the diseases within the population.The traditional biomedical approach to disease is characterized by an effort to diagnostically isolate, study, and treat diseases as if they were distinct entities that existed in nature separate from other diseases and independent of the social contexts in which they are found. This singular approach proved useful historically in focusing medical attention on the immediate causes and biological expressions of disease and contributed, as a result, to the emergence of targeted modern biomedical treatments for specific diseases, many of which have been successful. As knowledge about diseases has advanced, it is increasingly realized that diseases are not independent and that synergistic disease interactions are of considerable importance for prognosis. Given that social conditions can contribute to the clustering, form and progression of disease at the individual and population level, there is growing interest in the health sciences on syndemics.
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