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INFECTION CONTROL POLICY AND PROCEDURES University of
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... The incidence of communicable diseases, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis B (HBV), herpes simples, tuberculosis, influenza, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are increasing. These diseases, in addition to other infections, are contagious and can be life-threatening. In light of t ...
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... symptoms) and, once that is accomplished, maintaining remission (prevention of flare-ups). To accomplish these goals, treatment is aimed at controlling the ongoing inflammation in the intestine—the cause of IBD symptoms. As their name implies, immunomodulators weaken or modulate the activity of the ...
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... or RNA direct the cell to make new virus offspring. That’s how a virus infects a cell. Viruses can even “infect” bacteria. These viruses, called bacteriophages, may help researchers develop alternatives to antibiotic medicines for preventing and treating bacterial infections. ...
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... The current outbreak in West Africa, (first cases notified in March 2014), is the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak since the Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks. How is th ...
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... Direct contact with the infected persons sores can also transmit the infection. 3. Measles – Can survive on surfaces for up to two hours and can remain suspended in the air for 30 minutes. Most contagious disease known. Direct contact with the infected person’s sores can also transmit the infection. ...
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... necessarily mean that the person has TB and can transmit the disease, rather he/she may have been previously infected with the TB bacteria, but he/she had a strong immune response to prevent the active disease from developing. It is important to remember that only those individuals who have the acti ...
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... provides several examples of how eliminating NTDs would foster economic development: “Onchocerciasis and trachoma cause blindness. Leprosy and lymphatic filariasis deform in ways that hinder economic productivity and cancel out chances for a normal social life. Buruli ulcer maims.Human African trypa ...
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An introduction to mathematical models in sexually transmitted

... A key function of models is to predict the consequences of changes such as those caused by interventions. The models provide a tool to translate the changes in patterns of behaviour or biology into an impact on infection and disease. Through exposure to economic models policy makers are predisposed ...
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Syndemic

A syndemic is the aggregation of two or more diseases in a population in which there is some level of positive biological interaction that exacerbates the negative health effects of any or all of the diseases. The term was developed and introduced by Merrill Singer in several articles in the mid-1990s and has since received growing attention and use among epidemiologists and medical anthropologists concerned with community health and the effects of social conditions on health, culminating in a recent textbook. Syndemics tend to develop under conditions of health disparity, caused by poverty, stress, or structural violence, and contribute to a significant burden of disease in affected populations. The term syndemic is further reserved to label the consequential interactions between concurrent or sequential diseases in a population and in relation to the social conditions that cluster the diseases within the population.The traditional biomedical approach to disease is characterized by an effort to diagnostically isolate, study, and treat diseases as if they were distinct entities that existed in nature separate from other diseases and independent of the social contexts in which they are found. This singular approach proved useful historically in focusing medical attention on the immediate causes and biological expressions of disease and contributed, as a result, to the emergence of targeted modern biomedical treatments for specific diseases, many of which have been successful. As knowledge about diseases has advanced, it is increasingly realized that diseases are not independent and that synergistic disease interactions are of considerable importance for prognosis. Given that social conditions can contribute to the clustering, form and progression of disease at the individual and population level, there is growing interest in the health sciences on syndemics.
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