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II. Hardy-Weinberg Principle, cont
II. Hardy-Weinberg Principle, cont

... natural selection Populations of organisms can change over the generations if individuals having certain heritable traits leave more offspring than others Differential reproductive success ...
Natural Selection - Plain Local Schools
Natural Selection - Plain Local Schools

... V. Molecular Biology A. The closer two organisms DNA sequence match, the closer the relationship B. DNA and protein analysis are new tools for testing hypothesis about evolution C. There is molecular evidence that there are common genetic codes shared by all species ...
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
CYSTIC FIBROSIS

... • Individuals who have one working copy of the salt-transport gene and one that is faulty are called ‘carriers’ of the change that makes the gene faulty ie. genetic carriers for CF • Genetic carriers for CF do not have CF because they can still produce enough salt-transport protein • About 1 in 2 ...
- Digital Commons @Brockport
- Digital Commons @Brockport

... are three running speeds - Slow, Medium, and Fas'C - where the fittest of these three is coded by a heterozygote. If fast individuals have the Aa genotype, medium individuals have AA, and slow individuals have aa, then selection will not lead the population to evolve to the configuration of 100% Fas ...
Part II: Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change
Part II: Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change

... scenario in more detail. Imagine that allele A1 is maintained in a population by heterozygote advantage, with the fitnesses of genotypes A1A1, A1A2, and A2A2 equal to 0.2, 1.0, and 0.8. a) What is the equilibrium frequency of A1 in an ideal population? (You can answer this question either by using t ...
Natural Selection
Natural Selection

... description included data about the habits of peppered moths in England, as cited by evolutionists. They have been telling us for years that the variation in the wing color of the peppered moth was the fact that they rest on the sides of trees, and the trees became darker. Well, it turns out that th ...
Natural Selection or the Non-survival of the Non-fit
Natural Selection or the Non-survival of the Non-fit

... increase of food, and no prudential restraint of marriage. Although some species may be now increasing, more or less rapidly, in numbers, all cannot do so, for the world would not hold them" (p. 46/47). The connection with natural selection is clear: "Natural selection acts solely through the preser ...
Adaptive evolution of lateral plates in threespined stickleback
Adaptive evolution of lateral plates in threespined stickleback

... and temporal changes in allele frequencies. These approaches are complementary, because although selection acts on phenotypes regardless of their genetic basis, the evolutionary response to selection is determined by the underlying genetic architecture of these traits. With the emergence of powerful ...
Migration and Drift
Migration and Drift

... scenario in more detail. Imagine that allele A1 is maintained in a population by heterozygote advantage, with the fitnesses of genotypes A1A1, A1A2, and A2A2 equal to 0.2, 1.0, and 0.8. a) What is the equilibrium frequency of A1 in an ideal population? (You can answer this question either by using t ...
On-line, On-board Evolution for Autonomous Robotics
On-line, On-board Evolution for Autonomous Robotics

... the evolutionary operators are embodied in the robots. The reason to choose other terms here is twofold. First, the usual terminology associates embodied evolution with embodied trials, which is a completely different thing. Second, introducing new terms here facilitates precise phrasing: embodied e ...
Omtentafråga - Studentportalen
Omtentafråga - Studentportalen

... You are sitting on a beach and looking at gulls feeding on mussels. You get up and walk to where the gulls are feeding and you see that there are two kinds of mussels, one blue and one grey mussel. Luckily for you, you have the book ”Energetic contents of mussels and handling time of different musse ...
Chapter 13
Chapter 13

... • But insights into how incremental change occurs could be seen in examples of • Selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrences of desirable traits in the offspring ...
migration and genetic drift as mechanisms
migration and genetic drift as mechanisms

... a) Set the graph line color to black, and run the simulation once with the population size set to infinite. How long does it take for allele A1 to be created by mutation and carried by natural selection to fixation? b) Now set the graph line mode to multiple, the graph line color to red, and the po ...
how does stress affect the strength of selection on
how does stress affect the strength of selection on

... represented as a change in the landscape (red dashed line) that results in a reduction in absolute fitness; these figures represent only a sample of an infinite number of ways stress could be represented in the landscape framework. In (b), stress is envisioned as a small shift in the optimum. This i ...
References
References

... This table includes a few of the notable studies in eukaryotes that have identified candidate genes underlying ecologically important traits and tested the impacts of these genetic variants on phenotype and fitness. In many cases the gene of interest has not yet been isolated from other putative gen ...
What is a population?
What is a population?

... 1. With no gene flow, the two populations will remain identical with each other. 2. With no gene flow, the two populations may become so different that they become different species. 3. With no gene flow, each population will have an increased number of mutations. 4. With no gene flow, the two popul ...
Natural selection
Natural selection

... Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Natural Selection
Natural Selection

... • If a population is very diverse and something bad happens, at least a few individuals will survive. • These individuals will then reproduce and the species will evolve, or change. ...
100 Years - College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
100 Years - College of Agriculture and Life Sciences

... relates Darwin’s concern that the existence of castes in social insects posed a special and perhaps fatal difficulty to his theory. The special difficulty actually involved three issues. The first was that, at least in terms of direct reproduction, the trait of sterility cannot be transmitted to the ...
Peppered Moths - Cloudfront.net
Peppered Moths - Cloudfront.net

... England were a light grey/green due to the color of lichens (fungus) on their trunks. Peppered moths, or Biston betularia, which lived in the area, were mostly lightly colored with dark spots. However, there was some color variation between the moths. The most common moth color was light with dark s ...
Grade 11 University Biology – Unit 3 Evolution
Grade 11 University Biology – Unit 3 Evolution

... Darwin described Natural Selection as the way in which the environment (nature) favours the reproduction of certain individuals over others. In other words, living things are adapted to survive and reproduce in their environmental setting, AND an organism with traits that provide an advantage is mor ...
Chapter 15
Chapter 15

... Darwin’s theory has four basic principles that explain how traits of a population can change over time. First, individuals in a population show differences, or variations. Second, variations can be inherited, meaning that they are passed down from parent to offspring. Third, organisms have more offs ...
The Organism as the Subject and Object of Evolution
The Organism as the Subject and Object of Evolution

... that the system evolves by changes in the proportions of the different types. There is a sorting-out process in which some variant types persist while others disappear, so the nature of the ensemble as a whole changes without any successive changes in the individual members. Thus variation among obj ...
2/10/2015 1 Adaptation and Natural Selection
2/10/2015 1 Adaptation and Natural Selection

... Common Misconceptions about  Natural Selection • At the opposite end of the scale, natural selection is sometimes  interpreted as random.  • Genetic variation resulting from  mutations have random effects  on an organisms survival and repro success. • Mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful ...
Natural selection-the Making of the Fittest
Natural selection-the Making of the Fittest

... d. Provide an explanation for these observations. Be sure to include the following key words in your answer: “selection” (or “selective”), “fitness” (or “fit”), and “survival” (or “survive”). Sample answer (key terms are in italics): “In New Mexico, there is a selective advantage to having dark-col ...
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Inclusive fitness

In evolutionary biology inclusive fitness theory is a model for the evolution of social behaviors (traits), first set forward by W. D. Hamilton in 1963 and 1964. Instead of a trait's frequency increase being thought of only via its average effects on an organism's direct reproduction, Hamilton argued that its average effects on indirect reproduction, via identical copies of the trait in other individuals, also need to be taken into account. Hamilton's theory, alongside reciprocal altruism, is considered one of the two primary mechanisms for the evolution of social behaviors in natural species.From the gene's point of view, evolutionary success ultimately depends on leaving behind the maximum number of copies of itself in the population. Until 1964, it was generally believed that genes only achieved this by causing the individual to leave the maximum number of viable direct offspring. However, in 1964 W. D. Hamilton showed mathematically that, because other members of a population may share identical genes, a gene can also increase its evolutionary success by indirectly promoting the reproduction and survival of such individuals. The most obvious category of such individuals is close genetic relatives, and where these are concerned, the application of inclusive fitness theory is often more straightforwardly treated via the narrower kin selection theory.Belding's ground squirrel provides an example. The ground squirrel gives an alarm call to warn its local group of the presence of a predator. By emitting the alarm, it gives its own location away, putting itself in more danger. In the process, however, the squirrel may protect its relatives within the local group (along with the rest of the group). Therefore, if the effect of the trait influencing the alarm call typically protects the other squirrels in the immediate area, it will lead to the passing on of more of copies of the alarm call trait in the next generation than the squirrel could leave by reproducing on its own. In such a case natural selection will increase the trait that influences giving the alarm call, provided that a sufficient fraction of the shared genes include the gene(s) predisposing to the alarm call.Synalpheus regalis, a eusocial shrimp, also is an example of an organism whose social traits meet the inclusive fitness criterion. The larger defenders protect the young juveniles in the colony from outsiders. By ensuring the young's survival, the genes will continue to be passed on to future generations.Inclusive fitness is more generalized than strict kin selection, which requires that the shared genes are identical by descent. Inclusive fitness is not limited to cases where ""kin"" ('close genetic relatives') are involved.
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