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Chapter Sixteen
Chapter Sixteen

... special genetic roles, such as regulating gene expression. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. ...
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Review of BASIC transmission genetics

... m + +!!) m w y and + + + are the Parental (non-recombinant) types. These sets of allele will end up in gametes together most often. Put the 8 progeny types into 4 reciprocal classes. The number of progeny per class is a clue: m w y 3501 ...
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... In some cases, dominance is neither complete nor absent, but incomplete or partial and expresses in a variety of ways. Perhaps the best known case of this type in horses is the Palomino color. Genetic studies of the Palomino indicate that the color is probably unfixable- that it cannot be made true ...
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... Replacement of a structure by another structure that is characteristic for a different body region is called homeosis. (Homeo is a Greek word and means similar.) Genes identified by homeotic transformation-causing mutations are called homeotic genes. (It should be mentioned in brackets that there ar ...
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recombinant DNA - interactive eBook

... Enzymes that cleave and repair DNA are used to manipulate and recombine DNA. Restriction enzymes, naturally used by bacteria as defense against bacteriophages, cut DNA into smaller ...
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... eIF-4 binds to the 5´-cap of the mRNA to be translated. Following binding of the charged methionine tRNA, the eIF-4 complex then to the 40S subunit. The eIF-4 complex is the second regulatory point; phosphorylation of eIF-4 (by different kinases from those that phosphorylate eIF-2) stimulates transl ...
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... diagnosis. However, these features are not enough and further investigations should always be performed in order to confirm the diagnosis. Before DNA analysis developed, the diagnosis was based on pedigree information and evaluation of creatine kinase levels.1 Nowaday, it is possible to have a preci ...
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... How the DNA Molecule Copies Itself The Double Helix •DNA molecule consists of two strands •Each individual strand of a DNA molecule is complementary to its opposite strand •Base Pairing Rule: The base A always bonds to T and G to C. •If one chain has the bases ATTGCAT, its partner will have the com ...
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RNA synthesis/Transcription I Biochemistry 302
RNA synthesis/Transcription I Biochemistry 302

... nt/s for RNA Pol vs ∼103/s for DNA Pol III; ∼3000 RNA Pol/cell vs ∼10 DNA Pol III complexes/cell) – Less accurate ∼10-5 vs 10-10 ...
< 1 ... 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 ... 2254 >

Artificial gene synthesis

Artificial gene synthesis is a method in synthetic biology that is used to create artificial genes in the laboratory. Currently based on solid-phase DNA synthesis, it differs from molecular cloning and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in that the user does not have to begin with preexisting DNA sequences. Therefore, it is possible to make a completely synthetic double-stranded DNA molecule with no apparent limits on either nucleotide sequence or size. The method has been used to generate functional bacterial or yeast chromosomes containing approximately one million base pairs. Recent research also suggests the possibility of creating novel nucleobase pairs in addition to the two base pairs in nature, which could greatly expand the possibility of expanding the genetic code.Synthesis of the first complete gene, a yeast tRNA, was demonstrated by Har Gobind Khorana and coworkers in 1972. Synthesis of the first peptide- and protein-coding genes was performed in the laboratories of Herbert Boyer and Alexander Markham, respectively.Commercial gene synthesis services are now available from numerous companies worldwide, some of which have built their business model around this task. Current gene synthesis approaches are most often based on a combination of organic chemistry and molecular biological techniques and entire genes may be synthesized ""de novo"", without the need for precursor template DNA. Gene synthesis has become an important tool in many fields of recombinant DNA technology including heterologous gene expression, vaccine development, gene therapy and molecular engineering. The synthesis of nucleic acid sequences is often more economical than classical cloning and mutagenesis procedures.
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