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12 Patient Immobilization and Image Guidance
12 Patient Immobilization and Image Guidance

... defined at CT simulation time, whereby external fiducial markers are placed with reference to isocenter. Unfortunately, there is internal organ mobility so external markers can at best only guide the initial treatment setup. While some structures such as the pelvic lymph nodes may follow the bony an ...
ACR–ASTRO Practice Parameter for Image
ACR–ASTRO Practice Parameter for Image

... evaluation of disease stage; assessment of comorbidities and previous treatments; thorough exploration of various treatment options; ample and understandable discussion with patients regarding the impact of treatment, including benefits and potential harm; knowledgeable conduct of IGRT as outlined b ...
Radiation Hygiene Requirements for IGRT (Image Guided
Radiation Hygiene Requirements for IGRT (Image Guided

... 2009) can serve as the upper estimate for volume imaging, depending on the acquisition parameters. This must be viewed in relation to a secondary tumour risk of approximately 1% after conventional radiotherapy and ~ 1.5% after intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with 6 MV. The increased sec ...
Imaging strategies to reduce the risk of radiation in CT studies
Imaging strategies to reduce the risk of radiation in CT studies

... well as their radiosensitivities, and is the best single parameter for quantifying how much radiation an individual will receive during any radiologic examination (24). The effective dose, expressed in mSv, is the product of an organ’s equivalent dose and radiosensitivity, and is obtained by summing ...
Exposure to Diagnostic Ionizing Radiation in Sports
Exposure to Diagnostic Ionizing Radiation in Sports

... higher than for adults.17 The reason for this is that young patients’ tissues are more radiosensitive and their longer life expectancy means that they carry the risk for a longer period of time. The most recent report on atomic bomb survivors estimates the increase in lifetime risk per sievert for s ...
Applied Physics Radiation Oncology
Applied Physics Radiation Oncology

... During simulation, the patient is placed in as comfortable a position as is consistent with good beam placement. Accurate, reproducible positioning is critical since positioning during localization is almost always the position the patient must maintain throughout the course of treatment. During tra ...
Radiation and MRI Safety
Radiation and MRI Safety

... Let’s now discuss specific precautions for each type of radiation exposure. ...
Radiology
Radiology

... Review of patient treatment set-up Examination of patient for medical evaluation and management ...
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Current concepts on imaging in radiotherapy

... and encouraged experimental and theoretical studies which, in turn, have led to a better management of treatment modalities. Radiation deposits energy into the patient’s body. When cells absorb too much energy, they can be damaged and lose their reproductive capability. RT directed against cancer ce ...
ACR–AAPM Technical Standard for Medical Physics Performance
ACR–AAPM Technical Standard for Medical Physics Performance

... Imaging has been used to verify the patient position since the earliest days of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). The first methods of imaging internal anatomy to verify the patient’s position on the treatment couch used the treatment beam to expose radiographic film. These images are called p ...
Advanced 3D mammography leads to more accurate breast cancer
Advanced 3D mammography leads to more accurate breast cancer

... 2011, complying with this requirement meant that patients were exposed to twice the radiation dose of conventional mammography. In May 2013 the FDA approved a technique that allows imaging software to generate a “synthetic” two-dimensional image from the 3D tomosynthesis dataset. This important brea ...
Breakthrough Technology Expanding the Potential in
Breakthrough Technology Expanding the Potential in

... Elekta has an enviable track record of innovative technology with many market leading products and world firsts on its list of credits. However as befits a company founded by a clinician it not only develops outstanding medical technology but it ensures this technology can be successfully implemente ...
Radiation safety and CT dose
Radiation safety and CT dose

... Source of Radiation Exposure David J. Brenner, Ph.D., D.Sc., and Eric J. Hall, D.Phil., D.Sc. ...
Radiation Protection – Chapter 23, Bushberg
Radiation Protection – Chapter 23, Bushberg

... For soft radiations, the dose decreases dramatically with depth as the patient’s body attenuates the beam. The radiation dose at a given depth is the depth dose (rad). The exposure at skin entrance (ESE) is the Roentgen exposure at the point where the radiation enters the body. ...
Canadian Association of Radiologists Radiation Protection Working
Canadian Association of Radiologists Radiation Protection Working

... patient is uniformly exposed, such as fetal radiation exposure, or if the skin entrance dose is monitored for deterministic effects, which may occur in long fluoroscopic procedures or CT perfusion studies. The majority of medical imaging procedures focuses on imaging a specific region of interest (e ...
Chapter 2 Scope of Coverage for Part I and Part II Resident Physicist
Chapter 2 Scope of Coverage for Part I and Part II Resident Physicist

... The Resident Physicist examination is conducted by the Examination Committee of the Hong Kong Association of Medical Physics (“HKAMP”) on request by the Hospital Authority (“HA”) for its Resident Physicists under residency training in HA hospitals. Format of Examination The examination consists of t ...
Radiation - inayacollegedrmohammedemam
Radiation - inayacollegedrmohammedemam

... • Brachytherapy is a procedure that involves placing radioactive material inside your body. • Brachytherapy is one type of radiation therapy that's used to treat cancer. ...
Guidelines for Education and Training of Medical Physicists
Guidelines for Education and Training of Medical Physicists

... developing and delivering guidance frameworks in various areas of radiation oncology, eg. in education [8] and quality assurance [9,10,11]. In these areas it has a record of producing consensus documents, which have been endorsed by a wide range of relevant national societies. It has provided suppor ...
Dose assessment in Nuclear Medicine Therapy
Dose assessment in Nuclear Medicine Therapy

... •The role of dosimetry is fundamental to optimize the individual activity chosen for treatment •The dosimetric studies should improve the effective dose delivered to the tumour mass without increasing toxicity •The empirical approach should be left z ...
Powerpoint 5.3M - University of Surrey
Powerpoint 5.3M - University of Surrey

... Conventional methods of dosimetry are either single point (e.g., TLD’s, ion chambers, etc.) or 2-D (film). Complex radiotherapy treatments (e.g., conformal therapy, brachytherapy, abutting fields) require 3-D measurements. Gel dosimetry is a way of achieving this in special test objects (phantoms) f ...
Enhancing Patient Safety in Today`s Healthcare
Enhancing Patient Safety in Today`s Healthcare

... The use of body CT is increasing, and with the increasing number of new applications and protocols, it is the responsibility of radiology practices to understand how to minimize radiation exposure while ensuring that diagnostic quality is not compromised. The acceptable image quality and noise level ...
DYNAMIC TARGETING IMAGE-GUIDED RADIOTHERAPY MIKA
DYNAMIC TARGETING IMAGE-GUIDED RADIOTHERAPY MIKA

... position of the imaging couch in which they were collected. Each phase can then be separately reconstructed. Meanwhile, the couch moves to the next position and more images are collected continuously. This process is repeated until the entire volume of interest is scanned and reconstructed (Fig. 5). ...
Radiology - Network Learning Institute
Radiology - Network Learning Institute

... Review of patient treatment set-up Examination of patient for medical evaluation and management ...
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Ch17-Radiology2

... Review of patient treatment set-up Examination of patient for medical evaluation and management ...
News Letter - Association of Medical Physicists of India
News Letter - Association of Medical Physicists of India

... reduce the effect of concomitant dose arising during IGRT procedures. The scientific paper titled "The management of imaging dose during image-guided radiotherapy: Report of the AAPM Task Group 75" (https://www.aapm.org/pubs/reports/RPT_95.pdf) enumerates the details of imaging dose that are to be c ...
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Brachytherapy

Brachytherapy (from the Greek word βραχύς brachys, meaning ""short-distance""), also known as internal radiotherapy, sealed source radiotherapy, curietherapy or endocurietherapy, is a form of radiotherapy where a sealed radiation source is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment. Brachytherapy is commonly used as an effective treatment for cervical, prostate, breast, and skin cancer and can also be used to treat tumours in many other body sites.Brachytherapy can be used alone or in combination with other therapies such as surgery, external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and chemotherapy.Brachytherapy contrasts with unsealed source radiotherapy in which a therapeutic radionuclide (radioisotope) is injected into the body to chemically localize to the tissue requiring destruction. It also contrasts to EBRT, in which high-energy x-rays (or occasionally gamma-rays from a radioisotope like cobalt-60) are directed at the tumour from outside the body. Brachytherapy instead involves the precise placement of short-range radiation-sources (radioisotopes) directly at the site of the cancerous tumour. These are enclosed in a protective capsule or wire, which allows the ionizing radiation to escape to treat and kill surrounding tissue but prevents the charge of radioisotope from moving or dissolving in body fluids. The capsule may be removed later, or (with some radioisotopes) it may be allowed to remain in place.A key feature of brachytherapy is that the irradiation affects only a very localized area around the radiation sources. Exposure to radiation of healthy tissues farther away from the sources is therefore reduced. In addition, if the patient moves or if there is any movement of the tumour within the body during treatment, the radiation sources retain their correct position in relation to the tumour. These characteristics of brachytherapy provide advantages over EBRT - the tumour can be treated with very high doses of localised radiation whilst reducing the probability of unnecessary damage to surrounding healthy tissues.A course of brachytherapy can be completed in less time than other radiotherapy techniques. This can help reduce the chance for surviving cancer cells to divide and grow in the intervals between each radiotherapy dose. Patients typically have to make fewer visits to the radiotherapy clinic compared with EBRT, and the treatment is often performed on an outpatient basis. This makes treatment accessible and convenient for many patients. These features of brachytherapy mean that most patients are able to tolerate the brachytherapy procedure very well.Brachytherapy represents an effective treatment option for many types of cancer. Treatment results have demonstrated that the cancer cure rates of brachytherapy are either comparable to surgery and EBRT or are improved when used in combination with these techniques. In addition, brachytherapy is associated with a low risk of serious adverse side effects.The global market for brachytherapy reached US$680 million in 2013, of which the High-Dose Rate (HDR) and LDR segments accounted for 70%. Microspheres and electronic brachytherapy commanded the remaining 30%. The brachytherapy market is expected to reach over US$2.4 billion in 2030, growing by 8% annually, mainly driven by the microspheres market as well as electronic brachytherapy, which is gaining significant interest worldwide as a user-friendly technology.
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