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Methods of industrial production 1
Methods of industrial production 1

... • This requires specific treatments to result in export of the amino acid by a presumed carrier. A specific carrier must be present since otherwise, in addition to the charged L glutamate, other metabolites and ions would also leak from the cell and the cell would not be viable. However, Lglutamate ...
Chapter 6 Proteins & Amino Acids
Chapter 6 Proteins & Amino Acids

... Chains are synthesizes based on specific bodily DNA Amino acids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen ...
investigating dna
investigating dna

Document
Document

... Protein sequences are composed of 20 amino acids  The twenty amino acid letters are: A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T,V, W,Y  Proteins are product of genes which have many functions in our body: antibodies, enzymes, structural (hairs, tendons etc) etc. ...
CHAPTERS 23-25
CHAPTERS 23-25

... broken down into molecules of acetyl CoA  Four reactions are involved in oxidizing the -carbon to a ...
Gene Section MSN (moesin) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
Gene Section MSN (moesin) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology

... Found in a case of ALK+ anaplasic large cell lymphoma. Abnormal protein 1005 amino acids, 125 kDa; membrane restricted; 448 N-term amino acid from MSN, containing the band 4.1 like domain and most of the alpha helix domain, fused to the 557 (instead of the usual 562) C-term amino acids from ALK (i.e ...
Unit 2 revision ppt - Calderglen High School
Unit 2 revision ppt - Calderglen High School

... Any acceptable structural formulae for propanal ...
Chapter 2
Chapter 2

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GraphPAC: Graph Theoretical Identification of Mutated Amino Acid
GraphPAC: Graph Theoretical Identification of Mutated Amino Acid

... amino acids on the very left should have no effect on the reordering position of the amino acids on the right. In order to run the clustering methodology we will describe below, 3 types of data are required. First, you need the amino acid sequence of the protein. Second, you need the protein tertiar ...
Chapter 2
Chapter 2

... folded chains. Eg. Disulfide bond is a covalent bond between sulfur atoms in two cysteine amino acids that are near each other.  Quaternary structure describes proteins with more than one polypeptide chain. Hemoglobin has four subunits. ...
Enzymes - Solon City Schools
Enzymes - Solon City Schools

... Characteristics of Enzymes 1. Proteins 2. Catalysts a. Speed up chemical reactions without being used up ...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5/e
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5/e

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metabole

... The proteins then bond with metal oxides, which the bacteria utilize the same way we use oxygen - to breathe. "We use the oxygen we breathe to release energy from our food. But in nature, bacteria don't always have access to oxygen," said Lower. "Whether the bacteria are buried in the soil or underw ...
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... frequently in β-turn sequences. The cyclic structure and fixed φ angle of praline facilitates the formation of a β-turn. 3) Tertiary Structure - The overall 3-D folding of the protein. General Rules of Folded Proteins: 1) hydrophobic side chains are in the interior of structure, away from water surf ...
Citric Acid Cycle 1 - Indiana University
Citric Acid Cycle 1 - Indiana University

... 1. The net effect of the eight steps of the citric acid cycle is to A) completely oxidize an acetyl group to carbon dioxide. B) convert pyruvate to Acetyl CoA. C) produce a citrate molecule D) produce 8 ATP for every pass through the cycle. E) More than one of the above 2. The order of prosthetic g ...
Citric Acid Cycle 1
Citric Acid Cycle 1

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
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... • Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. – Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. – Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Triglyceride ...
Ch. 2 Macromolecules
Ch. 2 Macromolecules

... !  Primary component of the cell membrane !  Secondary energy source; used when an organism doesn’t have carbohydrates in its body ...
25 Disorders of Proline and Serine Metabolism
25 Disorders of Proline and Serine Metabolism

... becomes an essential amino acid in these patients. A significant accumulation of the substrate, 3-phosphoglycerate, is unlikely since it is an intermediate of the glycolytic pathway. Therefore, the deficiency of brain serine seems to be the main determinant of the disease. Serine plays a major role ...
Stage 4 Digestion: Electron Transport Chain
Stage 4 Digestion: Electron Transport Chain

... • 2NADH2 (K prep) • 2 x 3 NADH2 (K) • 2 x FADH2 (K) • 2 x 1 GTP (K) Total ATP ...
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation (Lectures 12 + 13)
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation (Lectures 12 + 13)

... Lecture 12 “Cellular Respiration and Fermentation: Part I” PPT review: 1.) What are the 3 “stages” of cellular respiration? 2.) Is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic pathway? If you oxidize one molecule of glucose, what is the approximate net yield of ATP? 3.) The reactions of glycolysis can all be ...
Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds

... Carbon’s exceptional ability to form bonds with other elements and with itself allows it to form a huge number of large, complex molecules called organic molecules. These molecules make up organisms and carry out life processes. Carbohydrates are organic molecules that consist of carbon, hydrogen, a ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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