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Chapter 17 Measuring the Stars
Chapter 17 Measuring the Stars

... strongly correlated with luminosity: ...
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... Most of the energy from the Sun is radiation out from the surface, which we call the photosphere. This is the part of the Sun we actually can see from the Earth with the naked eye (see picture on the right). The photosphere is not a solid surface but a layer of gas and part of the Sun’s atmosphere. ...
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planetary temperatures, albedos, and the greenhouse effect
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... Part II. Adding Albedo to the Model Albedo (represented by the symbol A) is the fraction of sunlight falling on a surface that is reflected back into space. (The word albedo comes from the Latin word for "white" - albus.) The albedo represents the average reflectivity over the entire visible surface ...
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Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems



The Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo) was a 1632 Italian-language book by Galileo Galilei comparing the Copernican system with the traditional Ptolemaic system. It was translated into Latin as Systema cosmicum (English: Cosmic System) in 1635 by Matthias Bernegger. The book was dedicated to Galileo's patron, Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, who received the first printed copy on February 22, 1632.In the Copernican system the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun, while in the Ptolemaic system everything in the Universe circles around the Earth. The Dialogue was published in Florence under a formal license from the Inquisition. In 1633, Galileo was found to be ""vehemently suspect of heresy"" based on the book, which was then placed on the Index of Forbidden Books, from which it was not removed until 1835 (after the theories it discussed had been permitted in print in 1822). In an action that was not announced at the time, the publication of anything else he had written or ever might write was also banned.
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