File - Biology EOC Review Resources
... The heart muscle requires a constant supply of oxygen. This oxygen is supplied through two coronary arteries and their smaller branches. The most common type of heart disease occurs when blood flow through the coronary arteries is obstructed. One of the causes of this arterial obstruction is , ...
... The heart muscle requires a constant supply of oxygen. This oxygen is supplied through two coronary arteries and their smaller branches. The most common type of heart disease occurs when blood flow through the coronary arteries is obstructed. One of the causes of this arterial obstruction is , ...
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... iron, which gives blood its characteristic color. The function of red blood cells is oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. Attached to the surface of the red blood cells are proteins called antigens. These proteins are made by the cell under the control of its genes. Strangely, just before a red bloo ...
... iron, which gives blood its characteristic color. The function of red blood cells is oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. Attached to the surface of the red blood cells are proteins called antigens. These proteins are made by the cell under the control of its genes. Strangely, just before a red bloo ...
Dyslipidaemia in South Africa - The Medical Nutritional Institute
... Overtime the plaques get harder and narrow the arterial lumen further, limiting blood flow and damaging the arterial endothelium. The rougher plaques make the endothelium, the more likely substances like platelets (which promote clotting) will also adhere to the plaque areas. A section of plaque can ...
... Overtime the plaques get harder and narrow the arterial lumen further, limiting blood flow and damaging the arterial endothelium. The rougher plaques make the endothelium, the more likely substances like platelets (which promote clotting) will also adhere to the plaque areas. A section of plaque can ...
Heartworm Prevention - PEER
... Heartworms can also affect the lungs When the worms die, they worm or pieces of worms shoot off through the vessels to the lungs. The vessels of the lungs are very small and the worm or piece of worm can block the vessel – this makes it more difficult for blood to reach parts of the lung or stops bl ...
... Heartworms can also affect the lungs When the worms die, they worm or pieces of worms shoot off through the vessels to the lungs. The vessels of the lungs are very small and the worm or piece of worm can block the vessel – this makes it more difficult for blood to reach parts of the lung or stops bl ...
The Heart Lecture Outline
... d. The great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein all empty into the coronary sinus. 2. In a myocardial infarction, there is prolonged coronary blockage that leads to cell death. ...
... d. The great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein all empty into the coronary sinus. 2. In a myocardial infarction, there is prolonged coronary blockage that leads to cell death. ...
Basic Laboratory Tests Complete Blood Counts (CBC)
... radiation treatment and some forms of leukemia. Reduced counts are found with immunodeficiency diseases, severe sepsis, systemic lupus, bone marrow failure, medication reactions and the late stages HIV infection. Monocyte (Monos) Monocytes are the largest of the white blood cells. Monocytes digest d ...
... radiation treatment and some forms of leukemia. Reduced counts are found with immunodeficiency diseases, severe sepsis, systemic lupus, bone marrow failure, medication reactions and the late stages HIV infection. Monocyte (Monos) Monocytes are the largest of the white blood cells. Monocytes digest d ...
Loose connective tissue
... (including hemopoietic growth factors) may and do act individually and severally at any point in the process from the first stem cell to the mature blood or connective tissue cell. ...
... (including hemopoietic growth factors) may and do act individually and severally at any point in the process from the first stem cell to the mature blood or connective tissue cell. ...
BLOOD CELLS - fizioms.ro
... surface coverage. The skin acts as a physical barrier and defeat most pathogens, since they are not able to penetrate and enter easily the body at this level. The leaks in the protective barrier : digestive openings reproductive openings respiratory openings sensory organs At the level of mucous mem ...
... surface coverage. The skin acts as a physical barrier and defeat most pathogens, since they are not able to penetrate and enter easily the body at this level. The leaks in the protective barrier : digestive openings reproductive openings respiratory openings sensory organs At the level of mucous mem ...
Chapter 22a Lymphatic System The function of the lymphatic system
... o NK cells (5-10% of circulating lymphocytes) attack foreign cells, virus-infected cells and cancer cells. Not specific! Lymphocytes are everywhere! They wander among lymphatic and connective tissues (loose CT, blood, lymph). They are produced in the red bone marrow and lymphatic tissues/organs. LYM ...
... o NK cells (5-10% of circulating lymphocytes) attack foreign cells, virus-infected cells and cancer cells. Not specific! Lymphocytes are everywhere! They wander among lymphatic and connective tissues (loose CT, blood, lymph). They are produced in the red bone marrow and lymphatic tissues/organs. LYM ...
12-blood group 1435
... with blood of group AThe anti-A in plasma of recipient blood group B will agglutinate the transfused cell (A) • The clumped cells plug small blood vessels ...
... with blood of group AThe anti-A in plasma of recipient blood group B will agglutinate the transfused cell (A) • The clumped cells plug small blood vessels ...
Arthritis Glossary
... A 2-dimensional image of the body’s tissues. X-ray images can reveal bone deformities, indicating arthritis damage, and the narrowing of joint space, indicating arthritis damage. X-rays can help diagnose arthritis and monitor its progression. ...
... A 2-dimensional image of the body’s tissues. X-ray images can reveal bone deformities, indicating arthritis damage, and the narrowing of joint space, indicating arthritis damage. X-rays can help diagnose arthritis and monitor its progression. ...
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
... atherosclerotic risk. HDL has other potentially atheroprotective properties. The antioxidative activity of HDL is typically characterized by its ability to inhibit LDL oxidation. It has also been shown to inhibit the formation of reactive oxygen species. HDL can help to protect endothelial cells fro ...
... atherosclerotic risk. HDL has other potentially atheroprotective properties. The antioxidative activity of HDL is typically characterized by its ability to inhibit LDL oxidation. It has also been shown to inhibit the formation of reactive oxygen species. HDL can help to protect endothelial cells fro ...
Blood is a complex, living tissue that contains many cell types and
... are encoded by different versions, or alleles, of the same gene: A and B. The A and B alleles code for enzymes that produce the type A and B antigens respectively. A third version of this gene, the O allele, codes for a protein that is not functional and does not produce surface molecules. Two copie ...
... are encoded by different versions, or alleles, of the same gene: A and B. The A and B alleles code for enzymes that produce the type A and B antigens respectively. A third version of this gene, the O allele, codes for a protein that is not functional and does not produce surface molecules. Two copie ...
A Very Basic Approach to Transfusion Medicine
... • Infusion 20 to 30 mL of RBCs from the selected unit of blood. • For 30 minutes, observe the patient for signs and symptoms of a hemolytic transfusion reaction. • At the 30min mark obtain a blood which is examined for the presence of hemoglobinemia (i.e. screening for intravascular hemolysis of the ...
... • Infusion 20 to 30 mL of RBCs from the selected unit of blood. • For 30 minutes, observe the patient for signs and symptoms of a hemolytic transfusion reaction. • At the 30min mark obtain a blood which is examined for the presence of hemoglobinemia (i.e. screening for intravascular hemolysis of the ...
AP CH12 - lambdinanatomyandphysiology
... Special basophil- Mast cell are responsible for inflammation of tissues. ...
... Special basophil- Mast cell are responsible for inflammation of tissues. ...
Pulmonary Oedema
... of lung in asthmatics – thus increased response to any antigens. o This causes the initial asthma attack. This is mainly the result of histamine and prostaglandin (as well as leukotrienes; particularly LTC4) release by mast cells. This usually occurs within minutes of initial exposure to the antigen ...
... of lung in asthmatics – thus increased response to any antigens. o This causes the initial asthma attack. This is mainly the result of histamine and prostaglandin (as well as leukotrienes; particularly LTC4) release by mast cells. This usually occurs within minutes of initial exposure to the antigen ...
The Pathogenesis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
... Patients with affected siblings, however, are at substantially increased risk to develop AAAs. Some phenotypes have been found to be associated with AAAs. For example, the Hp-2-1 haptoglobin phenotype and deficiencies in a1-antitrypsin are associated with aneurysm formation. In addition, there is a ...
... Patients with affected siblings, however, are at substantially increased risk to develop AAAs. Some phenotypes have been found to be associated with AAAs. For example, the Hp-2-1 haptoglobin phenotype and deficiencies in a1-antitrypsin are associated with aneurysm formation. In addition, there is a ...
Blood Bank - MATCOnline
... Nonliving substances such as chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles (such as a splinter) can also be antigens. The immune system recognizes and destroys substances that contain these antigens, generally by producing antibodies. ...
... Nonliving substances such as chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles (such as a splinter) can also be antigens. The immune system recognizes and destroys substances that contain these antigens, generally by producing antibodies. ...
BLOOD and CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
... • Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes • The clot remains as endothelium regenerates • The clot is broken down after tissue repair ...
... • Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes • The clot remains as endothelium regenerates • The clot is broken down after tissue repair ...
Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease
... autoantigen to bind the autoantibody. This availability can be affected by environmental factors such as tissue injury. For example, in Goodpasture’s disease there are antibodies against type IV collagen of the basement membrane, which is a common component of glomerular, alveolar and cochlear basem ...
... autoantigen to bind the autoantibody. This availability can be affected by environmental factors such as tissue injury. For example, in Goodpasture’s disease there are antibodies against type IV collagen of the basement membrane, which is a common component of glomerular, alveolar and cochlear basem ...
PPT Version - OMICS International
... AIDS was described in 1981, in patients where the KS was the main element of the syndrome, observed in 30 to 40% of them. This form of KS develops predominantly in homosexuals and bisexuals, being rare in injectable drug users and heterosexuals. Due to the changes on the sexual behavior and the anti ...
... AIDS was described in 1981, in patients where the KS was the main element of the syndrome, observed in 30 to 40% of them. This form of KS develops predominantly in homosexuals and bisexuals, being rare in injectable drug users and heterosexuals. Due to the changes on the sexual behavior and the anti ...
Blood Transfusions - Sinoe Medical Association
... Overall, the rise in fibrinogen is the most common and significant change in blood during aging because it contributes to a rise in plasma viscosity, red blood cell aggregation and a rise in blood viscosity at low shear rates. Increased age is associated with a state of hypercoagulation of blood, ma ...
... Overall, the rise in fibrinogen is the most common and significant change in blood during aging because it contributes to a rise in plasma viscosity, red blood cell aggregation and a rise in blood viscosity at low shear rates. Increased age is associated with a state of hypercoagulation of blood, ma ...
THE SCARBROUGH CLINIC
... HDL as the healthy cholesterol and generally the higher the better. LDL is the bad cholesterol, as it tends to plug the arteries. The VLDL is the very worst cholesterol and is more like sludge. Lower is better for the LDL and VLDL in determining coronary risk and overall health. ...
... HDL as the healthy cholesterol and generally the higher the better. LDL is the bad cholesterol, as it tends to plug the arteries. The VLDL is the very worst cholesterol and is more like sludge. Lower is better for the LDL and VLDL in determining coronary risk and overall health. ...
Blood Typing PPT forensics - Doral Academy Preparatory
... out for hundreds of years. Many patients have died and it was not until 1901, when the Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups, that blood transfusions became safer. • He found that mixing blood from two individuals can lead to blood clumping. The clumped RBCs can crack and cause tox ...
... out for hundreds of years. Many patients have died and it was not until 1901, when the Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups, that blood transfusions became safer. • He found that mixing blood from two individuals can lead to blood clumping. The clumped RBCs can crack and cause tox ...
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis (also known as arteriosclerotic vascular disease or ASVD) is a specific form of arteriosclerosis in which an artery wall thickens as a result of invasion and accumulation of white blood cells (WBCs) (foam cell) and proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cell creating a fibrofatty plaque.The accumulation of the WBCs is termed ""fatty streaks"" early on because of the appearance being similar to that of marbled steak. These accumulations contain both living, active WBCs (producing inflammation) and remnants of dead cells, including cholesterol and triglycerides. The remnants eventually include calcium and other crystallized materials within the outermost and oldest plaque. The ""fatty streaks"" reduce the elasticity of the artery walls. However, they do not affect blood flow for decades because the artery muscular wall enlarges at the locations of plaque. The wall stiffening may eventually increase pulse pressure; widened pulse pressure is one possible result of advanced disease within the major arteries.Atherosclerosis is therefore a syndrome affecting arterial blood vessels due to a chronic inflammatory response of WBCs in the walls of arteries. This is promoted by low-density lipoproteins (LDL, plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides) without adequate removal of fats and cholesterol from the macrophages by functional high-density lipoproteins (HDL). It is commonly referred to as a ""hardening"" or furring of the arteries. It is caused by the formation of multiple atheromatous plaques within the arteries.The plaque is divided into three distinct components: The atheroma (""lump of gruel"", from Greek ἀθήρα (athera), meaning ""gruel""), which is the nodular accumulation of a soft, flaky, yellowish material at the center of large plaques, composed of macrophages nearest the lumen of the artery Underlying areas of cholesterol crystals Calcification at the outer base of older or more advanced lesions.Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease that remains asymptomatic for decades. Atherosclerotic lesions, or atherosclerotic plaques, are separated into two broad categories: Stable and unstable (also called vulnerable). The pathobiology of atherosclerotic lesions is very complicated, but generally, stable atherosclerotic plaques, which tend to be asymptomatic, are rich in extracellular matrix and smooth muscle cells. On the other hand, unstable plaques are rich in macrophages and foam cells, and the extracellular matrix separating the lesion from the arterial lumen (also known as the fibrous cap) is usually weak and prone to rupture. Ruptures of the fibrous cap expose thrombogenic material, such as collagen, to the circulation and eventually induce thrombus formation in the lumen. Upon formation, intraluminal thrombi can occlude arteries outright (e.g., coronary occlusion), but more often they detach, move into the circulation, and eventually occlude smaller downstream branches causing thromboembolism. Apart from thromboembolism, chronically expanding atherosclerotic lesions can cause complete closure of the lumen. Chronically expanding lesions are often asymptomatic until lumen stenosis is so severe (usually over 80%) that blood supply to downstream tissue(s) is insufficient, resulting in ischemia.These complications of advanced atherosclerosis are chronic, slowly progressive and cumulative. Most commonly, soft plaque suddenly ruptures (see vulnerable plaque), causing the formation of a thrombus that will rapidly slow or stop blood flow, leading to death of the tissues fed by the artery in approximately five minutes. This catastrophic event is called an infarction. One of the most common recognized scenarios is called coronary thrombosis of a coronary artery, causing myocardial infarction (a heart attack). The same process in an artery to the brain is commonly called stroke. Another common scenario in very advanced disease is claudication from insufficient blood supply to the legs. Atherosclerosis affects the entire artery tree, but mostly larger, high-pressure vessels such as the coronary, renal, femoral, cerebral, and carotid arteries. These are termed ""clinically silent"" because the person having the infarction does not notice the problem and does not seek medical help, or when they do, physicians do not recognize what has happened.