Trees
... • In a full tree, there is one more node on the bottom row than in the rest of the tree. This about half of all operations require finding a node on the lowest level. • In an unordered array or a linked list containing 1,000,000 items it would take on the average 500,000 comparisons to find the one ...
... • In a full tree, there is one more node on the bottom row than in the rest of the tree. This about half of all operations require finding a node on the lowest level. • In an unordered array or a linked list containing 1,000,000 items it would take on the average 500,000 comparisons to find the one ...
Can the Black-Scholes-Merton Model Survive Under Transaction
... complexity of the resulting expressions. Although the discrete time distribution of the underlying stock price was assumed to have independent and identically distributed (iid) returns, the stochastic process under which the bounds were evaluated as risk neutral expectations was Markovian but with s ...
... complexity of the resulting expressions. Although the discrete time distribution of the underlying stock price was assumed to have independent and identically distributed (iid) returns, the stochastic process under which the bounds were evaluated as risk neutral expectations was Markovian but with s ...
Matching the risk profile of your funds with the risk characteristics of
... The other main message is that bonds do not have a significantly lower volatility of returns compared to shares over very long periods. We have now been in a secular bull market for bonds lasting over 30 years, with only small relatively short reversals in that long term trend. Investors who have no ...
... The other main message is that bonds do not have a significantly lower volatility of returns compared to shares over very long periods. We have now been in a secular bull market for bonds lasting over 30 years, with only small relatively short reversals in that long term trend. Investors who have no ...
CIS 2520 Data Structures: Review Linked list: Ordered Linked List:
... and L, R be subtrees such that L is the left subtree of v and R is the right subtree of v. We have keys(L) ≤ key(v) ≤ keys(R) ...
... and L, R be subtrees such that L is the left subtree of v and R is the right subtree of v. We have keys(L) ≤ key(v) ≤ keys(R) ...
Chapter 2
... • Deposit cash in account • Add more collateral (marginable securities) to account. • Sell stock from account and use proceeds to reduce the margin debt In each case, result must raise equity percentage to margin maintenance minimum to satisfy margin call. ...
... • Deposit cash in account • Add more collateral (marginable securities) to account. • Sell stock from account and use proceeds to reduce the margin debt In each case, result must raise equity percentage to margin maintenance minimum to satisfy margin call. ...
Guess the Number, continued
... Guess the Number, continued III. Algebra Based “Tricks” The following “magic tricks” can be explained using algebra. Try a few examples and see if you can come up with a general explanation. 1. Card Trick Step 1: Find a standard deck of 52 cards. Step 2: Turn 20 cards face up, leaving the rest face ...
... Guess the Number, continued III. Algebra Based “Tricks” The following “magic tricks” can be explained using algebra. Try a few examples and see if you can come up with a general explanation. 1. Card Trick Step 1: Find a standard deck of 52 cards. Step 2: Turn 20 cards face up, leaving the rest face ...
II. Dictionaries
... every one until the desired one is found. With a Dictionary, this is unnecessary; if we want to get the Player named Bob, we can simply compute the hash code of “Bob” to figure out where Bob would go, and then return the Player at that location. Like the other collections that are implemented with a ...
... every one until the desired one is found. With a Dictionary, this is unnecessary; if we want to get the Player named Bob, we can simply compute the hash code of “Bob” to figure out where Bob would go, and then return the Player at that location. Like the other collections that are implemented with a ...
Vanguard High-Yield Corporate Fund
... payments will cause the price of that bond or loan to decline. Credit risk should be high for the fund because it invests primarily in bonds and loans with mediumand lower-range credit quality ratings. Income risk: The chance that the fund’s income will decline because of falling interest rates. Cal ...
... payments will cause the price of that bond or loan to decline. Credit risk should be high for the fund because it invests primarily in bonds and loans with mediumand lower-range credit quality ratings. Income risk: The chance that the fund’s income will decline because of falling interest rates. Cal ...
Quantitative Finance
... probability and brainteasers, stochastic process, derivative pricing models and hedge, interest rate models, market related questions, contract specifications. In addition, there would be questions on convenient yield modeling in commodities and Gold, volatility models, numerical method, programming ...
... probability and brainteasers, stochastic process, derivative pricing models and hedge, interest rate models, market related questions, contract specifications. In addition, there would be questions on convenient yield modeling in commodities and Gold, volatility models, numerical method, programming ...
Financial Instruments
... Zero-coupon bonds are characterised by the absence of a coupon (interest is not paid annually, but capitalised until maturity); and a below-par issue, i.e. investors pay less than the nominal value at the time of issue (the issue price is far below the redemption price as it is equal to the current ...
... Zero-coupon bonds are characterised by the absence of a coupon (interest is not paid annually, but capitalised until maturity); and a below-par issue, i.e. investors pay less than the nominal value at the time of issue (the issue price is far below the redemption price as it is equal to the current ...
Building Trees
... Stack poor for execution, as all references are through memory: top of stack Even a GPR architecture needs both operands available somewhere (in regs) to execute operator ...
... Stack poor for execution, as all references are through memory: top of stack Even a GPR architecture needs both operands available somewhere (in regs) to execute operator ...
Tree is a collection of nodes in which there is a root node and all
... Search trees are data structures that support many dynamic -set operations, including SEARCH, MINIMUM, MAXIMUM, PREDECESSOR, SUCCESSOR, INSERT, and DELETE. Thus, a search tree can be used both as a dictionary and as a priority queue. B asic operations on a binary search tree take time proportional t ...
... Search trees are data structures that support many dynamic -set operations, including SEARCH, MINIMUM, MAXIMUM, PREDECESSOR, SUCCESSOR, INSERT, and DELETE. Thus, a search tree can be used both as a dictionary and as a priority queue. B asic operations on a binary search tree take time proportional t ...
Discounting, Real/Nominal Values
... Framing of problem (see p. 7!), Answer/justify with preliminary calculations Don’t just estimate the answer! Do not need to submit an excel printout, but feel free to paste a table into a document ...
... Framing of problem (see p. 7!), Answer/justify with preliminary calculations Don’t just estimate the answer! Do not need to submit an excel printout, but feel free to paste a table into a document ...
Factors affecting the price of catastrophe bonds
... 9 Allows us to quantify differences between the spreads of different types of bonds 9 Helps to separate the effect of the different factors 9 People are not very good at separating random effects from a real trend. They can be easily “fooled by randomness” 9 Gives estimates about the errors in our e ...
... 9 Allows us to quantify differences between the spreads of different types of bonds 9 Helps to separate the effect of the different factors 9 People are not very good at separating random effects from a real trend. They can be easily “fooled by randomness” 9 Gives estimates about the errors in our e ...
Credit Derivative: Concept & Applications in the By
... equal to pretty much the value of the assets. For unfounded CDOs, there might be a reference pool of £1 billion of assets, but there’s only £100 million or so of cash in the deal that people have funded. Within funded CDOs, there are balance sheet CDOs and arbitrage CDOs. In arbitrage CDOs, there ar ...
... equal to pretty much the value of the assets. For unfounded CDOs, there might be a reference pool of £1 billion of assets, but there’s only £100 million or so of cash in the deal that people have funded. Within funded CDOs, there are balance sheet CDOs and arbitrage CDOs. In arbitrage CDOs, there ar ...
MODEL MCQs – CAIIB, PAPER-2, MOD
... 13) Point estimate is often insufficient. Why ? e. decision is inversely proportional to the number of estimates f. difficult to pinpoint the correct single estimate g. because it does not provide the extent of error h. a & c ...
... 13) Point estimate is often insufficient. Why ? e. decision is inversely proportional to the number of estimates f. difficult to pinpoint the correct single estimate g. because it does not provide the extent of error h. a & c ...
Full text
... ^-reverse multiple is known, it may be used to create others. For example, it is easily verified that 21782178 and 21978 are also base 10, 4-reverse multiples. What has not been discussed previously is how to find all /(-reverse multiples once those with a small number of digits are known. For examp ...
... ^-reverse multiple is known, it may be used to create others. For example, it is easily verified that 21782178 and 21978 are also base 10, 4-reverse multiples. What has not been discussed previously is how to find all /(-reverse multiples once those with a small number of digits are known. For examp ...
Binary Search Tree and Its Applications: A Survey
... a fundamental building block of many parallel programs; even small improvements in these underlying algorithms can provide a large performance impact. One widely used data structure is an ordered map, which adds ordered iteration and range queries to the key-value association of a map. Inmemory orde ...
... a fundamental building block of many parallel programs; even small improvements in these underlying algorithms can provide a large performance impact. One widely used data structure is an ordered map, which adds ordered iteration and range queries to the key-value association of a map. Inmemory orde ...
Chapter Objectives - Jacksonville University
... Preorder: visit root node, traverse TL, traverse TR Inorder: traverse TL, visit root node, traverse TR Postorder: traverse TL, traverse TR, visit root node ...
... Preorder: visit root node, traverse TL, traverse TR Inorder: traverse TL, visit root node, traverse TR Postorder: traverse TL, traverse TR, visit root node ...
Lattice model (finance)
For other meanings, see lattice model (disambiguation)In finance, a lattice model [1] is a technique applied to the valuation of derivatives, where, because of path dependence in the payoff, 1) a discretized model is required and 2) Monte Carlo methods fail to account for optimal decisions to terminate the derivative by early exercise. For equity options, a typical example would be pricing an American option, where a decision as to option exercise is required at ""all"" times (any time) before and including maturity. A continuous model, on the other hand, such as Black Scholes, would only allow for the valuation of European options, where exercise is on the option's maturity date. For interest rate derivatives lattices are additionally useful in that they address many of the issues encountered with continuous models, such as pull to par.