classification of intra- and intermolecular forces
... -Definitions : Interaction (more general), force (push or pull), bond (the attraction between atoms in a molecule or crystalline structure)→ all intra- and intermolecular forces are electrostatic in origin → key to life on earth (e.g. water, cell ...
... -Definitions : Interaction (more general), force (push or pull), bond (the attraction between atoms in a molecule or crystalline structure)→ all intra- and intermolecular forces are electrostatic in origin → key to life on earth (e.g. water, cell ...
MS Word File
... Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Responses • Ultimately, a signal transduction pathway leads to regulation of one or more cellular activities • The response may occur in the cytoplasm or may involve action in the nucleus • Many signaling pathways regulate the synthesis of enzymes or other proteins, usually b ...
... Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Responses • Ultimately, a signal transduction pathway leads to regulation of one or more cellular activities • The response may occur in the cytoplasm or may involve action in the nucleus • Many signaling pathways regulate the synthesis of enzymes or other proteins, usually b ...
Schedule
... effect on the protein due to • The degeneracy of the code. Each amino acid may be coded for by more than one codon. A substitution mutation may change one codon but it may still code for the same amino acid; hence no effect (silent mutation). • A change in the codon may result in a different amino a ...
... effect on the protein due to • The degeneracy of the code. Each amino acid may be coded for by more than one codon. A substitution mutation may change one codon but it may still code for the same amino acid; hence no effect (silent mutation). • A change in the codon may result in a different amino a ...
Protein Synthesis
... DNA codes for proteins, many of which are enzymes. • Proteins (enzymes) can be used to make all the other molecules a cell needs: carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. • A segment of DNA that carries the instructions to make (codes for) a protein is called a gene. ...
... DNA codes for proteins, many of which are enzymes. • Proteins (enzymes) can be used to make all the other molecules a cell needs: carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. • A segment of DNA that carries the instructions to make (codes for) a protein is called a gene. ...
Picture This
... is a saturated fat. The carbon atoms of unsaturated fats can bond with more hydrogen atoms. Phospholipids A lipid called a phospholipid is responsible for the structure and function of the cell membrane. Lipids do not dissolve in water. This characteristic enables lipids to serve as barriers in biol ...
... is a saturated fat. The carbon atoms of unsaturated fats can bond with more hydrogen atoms. Phospholipids A lipid called a phospholipid is responsible for the structure and function of the cell membrane. Lipids do not dissolve in water. This characteristic enables lipids to serve as barriers in biol ...
cell transport
... 5.15 Transport proteins may facilitate diffusion across membranes • In facilitated diffusion – Transport proteins that span the membrane bilayer help substances diffuse down a concentration gradient • To transport the substance, a transport protein may ...
... 5.15 Transport proteins may facilitate diffusion across membranes • In facilitated diffusion – Transport proteins that span the membrane bilayer help substances diffuse down a concentration gradient • To transport the substance, a transport protein may ...
PPT - MCD Biology
... • Mechanisms that one cell uses to communicate and influence the behavior of another cell. • In a broader sense, the signaling could include environmental cues received by a cell • Smell • Light • Mechanic pressure • Heat • A biological molecule • Others ...
... • Mechanisms that one cell uses to communicate and influence the behavior of another cell. • In a broader sense, the signaling could include environmental cues received by a cell • Smell • Light • Mechanic pressure • Heat • A biological molecule • Others ...
Chapter 1-The Chemical Nature of Cells
... An example of a cation is the magnesiuum ion, which has the formula Mg2+. This formula tells us that the magnesium atom has lost two electrons. An example of an anion is the oxide ion, 02-, This. formula tells us that the oxygen atom has gained two electrons. (Anions are given a name that have diffe ...
... An example of a cation is the magnesiuum ion, which has the formula Mg2+. This formula tells us that the magnesium atom has lost two electrons. An example of an anion is the oxide ion, 02-, This. formula tells us that the oxygen atom has gained two electrons. (Anions are given a name that have diffe ...
The Chemical Basis of Life
... Glycogen is stored mainly in the liver and muscle cells. Cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate; it accounts for 50% or more of all the carbon in plants. Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate. Cellulose is an insoluble polysaccharide composed of many glucose molecules joined together. Humans d ...
... Glycogen is stored mainly in the liver and muscle cells. Cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate; it accounts for 50% or more of all the carbon in plants. Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate. Cellulose is an insoluble polysaccharide composed of many glucose molecules joined together. Humans d ...
Proteins
... • Digestion of proteins • Essential amino acids. • Non essential amino acids • Physical properties of amino acids. • Chemical properties of amino acids. • Disease resulting from disturbance in amino acid metabolism. • Ketone bodies and amino acids • Translation of RNA ...
... • Digestion of proteins • Essential amino acids. • Non essential amino acids • Physical properties of amino acids. • Chemical properties of amino acids. • Disease resulting from disturbance in amino acid metabolism. • Ketone bodies and amino acids • Translation of RNA ...
Chapter 12 DNA and RNA
... • An area of coded DNA on a given chromosome that gives a certain trait. • Traits such as height, eye and hair color is coded in your genes. ...
... • An area of coded DNA on a given chromosome that gives a certain trait. • Traits such as height, eye and hair color is coded in your genes. ...
Spring 2007 - Antelope Valley College
... ____________________________ is a mechanism introduces new genetic material into a bacterium due to a mating event initiated by the F plasmid. ...
... ____________________________ is a mechanism introduces new genetic material into a bacterium due to a mating event initiated by the F plasmid. ...
Table of Contents
... Allele.—Alternate forms of the same gene. For example, the genes responsible for eye color (blue, brown, green, etc.) are alleles. Amino acids.—The building blocks of proteins. There are 20 common amino acids; they are’ joined together in a strictly ordered “string” which determines the character of ...
... Allele.—Alternate forms of the same gene. For example, the genes responsible for eye color (blue, brown, green, etc.) are alleles. Amino acids.—The building blocks of proteins. There are 20 common amino acids; they are’ joined together in a strictly ordered “string” which determines the character of ...
S3 Cell Biology – Summary Notes Cells All living things are made
... Inherited Disorders These are genetic disorders that people are born with Examples include cystic fibrosis and Huntington ’s disease Gene Therapy Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. It is a promising treatment option for a number of diseases includi ...
... Inherited Disorders These are genetic disorders that people are born with Examples include cystic fibrosis and Huntington ’s disease Gene Therapy Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. It is a promising treatment option for a number of diseases includi ...
Organization: The 6 Essential Elements
... In plants the monosaccharide called glucose (C6H12O6) bonds with other glucose molecules again and again to form starch or cellulose. The plant can use starch as food (like the “white” or a potato) and cellulose to build the stem and leaves. In animals excess glucose bond together to form a compound ...
... In plants the monosaccharide called glucose (C6H12O6) bonds with other glucose molecules again and again to form starch or cellulose. The plant can use starch as food (like the “white” or a potato) and cellulose to build the stem and leaves. In animals excess glucose bond together to form a compound ...
Unit 5
... Plants capture energy by absorbing light and using it to form strong (covalent) chemical bonds between the atoms of carbon-containing (organic) molecules. These molecules can be used to assemble larger molecules with biological activity (including proteins, DNA, sugars, and fats). In addition, the e ...
... Plants capture energy by absorbing light and using it to form strong (covalent) chemical bonds between the atoms of carbon-containing (organic) molecules. These molecules can be used to assemble larger molecules with biological activity (including proteins, DNA, sugars, and fats). In addition, the e ...
Unit 10: Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, DNA NGSS Priority
... 2. How are restriction enzymes used to create designer plasmids? 3. How can a plasmid map be created and analyzed? 4. What are current uses of transgenic organisms? 5. What steps are required to transform E.coli using the pGLO plasmid? 6. How can protein structure be manipulated? 7. How can hydropho ...
... 2. How are restriction enzymes used to create designer plasmids? 3. How can a plasmid map be created and analyzed? 4. What are current uses of transgenic organisms? 5. What steps are required to transform E.coli using the pGLO plasmid? 6. How can protein structure be manipulated? 7. How can hydropho ...
Nanodevices
... Protein nanodevices include: (a) enzymes = protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions but are not destroyed in the process; (b) cell surface receptors acting as switches turning an extracellular chemical stimulus into a cell response; (c) the cytoskeleton assembling and disassembling tracts ...
... Protein nanodevices include: (a) enzymes = protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions but are not destroyed in the process; (b) cell surface receptors acting as switches turning an extracellular chemical stimulus into a cell response; (c) the cytoskeleton assembling and disassembling tracts ...
Grand challenges in bioinformatics.
... from its amino acid sequence. It is widely believed that the amino acid sequence contains all the necessary information to make up the correct three-dimensional structure, since the protein folding is apparently thermodynamically determined; namely, given a proper environment, a protein would fold u ...
... from its amino acid sequence. It is widely believed that the amino acid sequence contains all the necessary information to make up the correct three-dimensional structure, since the protein folding is apparently thermodynamically determined; namely, given a proper environment, a protein would fold u ...
The chemical constituents of cells
... It consists of long chain of α-glucose and may have branches at places. It consists of 20-30% amylose and 70-80% amylopectin. Amylose is an unbranched chain of 200-1500 glucose residues linked byα-1,4-glycosidic bonds. The molecule takes the form of a helix. Amylopectin contains from 1300-1500 gluco ...
... It consists of long chain of α-glucose and may have branches at places. It consists of 20-30% amylose and 70-80% amylopectin. Amylose is an unbranched chain of 200-1500 glucose residues linked byα-1,4-glycosidic bonds. The molecule takes the form of a helix. Amylopectin contains from 1300-1500 gluco ...
Protein Synthesis
... amino acid proline. A long string of amino acids forms a protein. Each gene is usually a set of instructions for making a protein. Proteins are responsible for most of the differences in organisms that we see. EX: height, curly or straight hair, etc. ...
... amino acid proline. A long string of amino acids forms a protein. Each gene is usually a set of instructions for making a protein. Proteins are responsible for most of the differences in organisms that we see. EX: height, curly or straight hair, etc. ...
Teacher Guide
... Mitosis – the equal division of the chromosomes into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. Mitosis consists of four stages. o ...
... Mitosis – the equal division of the chromosomes into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. Mitosis consists of four stages. o ...
Anatomy and Physiology Chapter #2 - Ms. Schwab
... initial interaction between enzyme and substrate is relatively weak, but that these weak interactions rapidly cause shape changes in the enzyme that strengthen binding Enzyme changes shape during the reaction ...
... initial interaction between enzyme and substrate is relatively weak, but that these weak interactions rapidly cause shape changes in the enzyme that strengthen binding Enzyme changes shape during the reaction ...
Cell-penetrating peptide
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides that facilitate cellular uptake of various molecular cargo (from nanosize particles to small chemical molecules and large fragments of DNA). The ""cargo"" is associated with the peptides either through chemical linkage via covalent bonds or through non-covalent interactions. The function of the CPPs are to deliver the cargo into cells, a process that commonly occurs through endocytosis with the cargo delivered to the endosomes of living mammalian cells.CPPs hold great potential as in vitro and in vivo delivery vectors for use in research and medicine. Current use is limited by a lack of cell specificity in CPP-mediated cargo delivery and insufficient understanding of the modes of their uptake.CPPs typically have an amino acid composition that either contains a high relative abundance of positively charged amino acids such as lysine or arginine or has sequences that contain an alternating pattern of polar/charged amino acids and non-polar, hydrophobic amino acids. These two types of structures are referred to as polycationic or amphipathic, respectively. A third class of CPPs are the hydrophobic peptides, containing only apolar residues, with low net chargeor have hydrophobic amino acid groups that are crucial for cellular uptake.The first CPP was discovered independently by two laboratories in 1988, when it was found that the trans-activating transcriptional activator (TAT) from human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) could be efficiently taken up from the surrounding media by numerous cell types in culture. Since then, the number of known CPPs has expanded considerably and small molecule synthetic analogues with more effective protein transduction properties have been generated.