2.3: Carbon-Based Molecules
... • Biochemical reactions must occur at certain speeds, or rates, in order to be useful. • Rate of a reaction depends on: – Temperature – Concentration of the chemicals – Surface area ...
... • Biochemical reactions must occur at certain speeds, or rates, in order to be useful. • Rate of a reaction depends on: – Temperature – Concentration of the chemicals – Surface area ...
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
... another food source, such as glucose, it would have no need for these proteins. Remarkably, the bacterium almost seems to “know” when the products of these genes are needed. The lac genes are turned off by repressors and turned on by the presence of lactose. This process tells us a great deal about ...
... another food source, such as glucose, it would have no need for these proteins. Remarkably, the bacterium almost seems to “know” when the products of these genes are needed. The lac genes are turned off by repressors and turned on by the presence of lactose. This process tells us a great deal about ...
gene expression… from DNA to protein
... splicing - ribozymes, RNA molecules that act as enzymes (note: thus not all enzymes are proteins) ...
... splicing - ribozymes, RNA molecules that act as enzymes (note: thus not all enzymes are proteins) ...
Photosynthesis - Mrs. Brenner's Biology
... • The proteome is larger than the genome Mechanisms such as alternative -re-mRNA splicing increase the number of possible proteins ...
... • The proteome is larger than the genome Mechanisms such as alternative -re-mRNA splicing increase the number of possible proteins ...
Comparison of three methods for DNA extraction
... insertion sequence (IS 6110). Similar results were published by Stein et al. when using this procedure to detect Coxiella burnetti in PET samples [16]. Another possibility would be the total absence of the target sequence due to the degradation produced by heating the tissue. Although the presence o ...
... insertion sequence (IS 6110). Similar results were published by Stein et al. when using this procedure to detect Coxiella burnetti in PET samples [16]. Another possibility would be the total absence of the target sequence due to the degradation produced by heating the tissue. Although the presence o ...
Fundamentals of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry: RNA
... Stored mRNAs are protected by proteins that inhibit translation. Poly(A) tails promote translation. Stored mRNAs usually have short poly(A) tails (15-90 As vs 100300 As). Specific mRNAs are marked for deadenylation (“tail-chopping”) prior to storage by AU-rich sequences in 3’-UTR. Activation occurs ...
... Stored mRNAs are protected by proteins that inhibit translation. Poly(A) tails promote translation. Stored mRNAs usually have short poly(A) tails (15-90 As vs 100300 As). Specific mRNAs are marked for deadenylation (“tail-chopping”) prior to storage by AU-rich sequences in 3’-UTR. Activation occurs ...
Genetic Technology
... • In DNA sequencing, millions of copies of a double-stranded DNA fragment are cloned using PCR. Then, the strands are separated from each other. • The single-stranded fragments are placed in four different test tubes, one for each DNA base. ...
... • In DNA sequencing, millions of copies of a double-stranded DNA fragment are cloned using PCR. Then, the strands are separated from each other. • The single-stranded fragments are placed in four different test tubes, one for each DNA base. ...
evolutionmopupNED2013rev 76.5 KB
... Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. I flew through this. The math is algebra 1 but the symbolism is a little harder to grasp. This is a model for allelic frequency in populations where 2 alleles predominate and a balance exists. It can be used to measure allelic shifts that precede speciation. If the allele ...
... Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. I flew through this. The math is algebra 1 but the symbolism is a little harder to grasp. This is a model for allelic frequency in populations where 2 alleles predominate and a balance exists. It can be used to measure allelic shifts that precede speciation. If the allele ...
Bio 392: Study Guide for Final
... o Understand how DNA is replicated o Identify what enzymes are involved and explain their functions o Explain why it is called semi-conservative replication based on the resulting DNA molecules formed o Distinguish between DNA and RNA in terms of structure and function o Identify the three types of ...
... o Understand how DNA is replicated o Identify what enzymes are involved and explain their functions o Explain why it is called semi-conservative replication based on the resulting DNA molecules formed o Distinguish between DNA and RNA in terms of structure and function o Identify the three types of ...
Lecture Resource ()
... In the PLP-dependent reactions, the bond cleaved in the first step of the reaction depends on the conformation of the amino acid that the enzyme binds ...
... In the PLP-dependent reactions, the bond cleaved in the first step of the reaction depends on the conformation of the amino acid that the enzyme binds ...
Slide 1
... they are commonly used to multiply or express particular genes. Plasmids used in genetic engineering are called vectors. Vectors are vehicles to transfer genes from one organism to another and typically contain a genetic marker conferring a phenotype. Most also contain a polylinker or multiple cloni ...
... they are commonly used to multiply or express particular genes. Plasmids used in genetic engineering are called vectors. Vectors are vehicles to transfer genes from one organism to another and typically contain a genetic marker conferring a phenotype. Most also contain a polylinker or multiple cloni ...
Genome Organization
... • But, genetic information has to be accessible for processes such as replication and transcription. ...
... • But, genetic information has to be accessible for processes such as replication and transcription. ...
E. coli - Sonoma Valley High School
... tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes and animations. ...
... tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes and animations. ...
DNA Replication in Bacteria
... once the DNA sequence has been changed, DNA replication copies the altered sequence just as it would copy a normal sequence. ...
... once the DNA sequence has been changed, DNA replication copies the altered sequence just as it would copy a normal sequence. ...
Transcription Translation PowerPoint
... 2. Each group of three mRNA nucleotides (letters) is called a codon and codes for one ____ ____. 3. The letters within the table are abbreviations for ____ ____. 4. For example, the codon AGU codes for ____ and AUG codes for ____. 5. There are ____ (how many) different amino acids that make up all p ...
... 2. Each group of three mRNA nucleotides (letters) is called a codon and codes for one ____ ____. 3. The letters within the table are abbreviations for ____ ____. 4. For example, the codon AGU codes for ____ and AUG codes for ____. 5. There are ____ (how many) different amino acids that make up all p ...
Organic Chemistry – Review #2 Vocabulary Adhesion Cohesion
... waterproof coverings, oils, waxes Amino acids Enzymes, membrane transport, movement, receptors, immune defense, structure (muscle, bone) Nucleotides Heredity, DNA and RNA code for amino acid sequence of proteins ...
... waterproof coverings, oils, waxes Amino acids Enzymes, membrane transport, movement, receptors, immune defense, structure (muscle, bone) Nucleotides Heredity, DNA and RNA code for amino acid sequence of proteins ...
Biol 3301: Genetics Exam #3 Practice questions
... 17. (4) What is the difference between an allopolyploid and an autopolyploid? An autopolyploid contains additional copies of the entire genome from the same species. An allopolyploid contains additional copies of the genome from another species. 18. (3) Monosomics and disomics are generated because ...
... 17. (4) What is the difference between an allopolyploid and an autopolyploid? An autopolyploid contains additional copies of the entire genome from the same species. An allopolyploid contains additional copies of the genome from another species. 18. (3) Monosomics and disomics are generated because ...
Document
... Synthetic Biology •An Engineering technology based on biology which complements rather than replaces standard approaches •Engineering synthetic constructs will Enable quicker and easier experiments Enable deeper understanding of the basic mechanisms Enable applications in nanotechnology, medici ...
... Synthetic Biology •An Engineering technology based on biology which complements rather than replaces standard approaches •Engineering synthetic constructs will Enable quicker and easier experiments Enable deeper understanding of the basic mechanisms Enable applications in nanotechnology, medici ...
Anticancer Antibiotics
... between the two cis-oxygen functionalities at these positions stabilizes the preferred half-chair conformation of the D-ring. The amino sugar residue of the various anthracyclines is an essential requirement for bioactivity. Among the various SAR studies involving the carbohydrate core, it has been ...
... between the two cis-oxygen functionalities at these positions stabilizes the preferred half-chair conformation of the D-ring. The amino sugar residue of the various anthracyclines is an essential requirement for bioactivity. Among the various SAR studies involving the carbohydrate core, it has been ...
Week 9 Pre-Lecture Slides
... Why We Get Sick: Cancer • After this class, you should be able to: – Assess a set of related mutations within a single cell lineage and predict whether or not the organism is at risk for cancer – Predict the likely effects on cancerous phenotypes based on changes in human populations – Explain the r ...
... Why We Get Sick: Cancer • After this class, you should be able to: – Assess a set of related mutations within a single cell lineage and predict whether or not the organism is at risk for cancer – Predict the likely effects on cancerous phenotypes based on changes in human populations – Explain the r ...
File
... complex and a RELEASE FACTOR protein is summoned from the cytoplasm into the A-site. -- there is NO tRNA molecule for these codons. -- once the release factor protein binds to the STOP codon, the ribosome dissociates into its two subunits and falls off the mRNA (which is recycled). -- the peptide/pr ...
... complex and a RELEASE FACTOR protein is summoned from the cytoplasm into the A-site. -- there is NO tRNA molecule for these codons. -- once the release factor protein binds to the STOP codon, the ribosome dissociates into its two subunits and falls off the mRNA (which is recycled). -- the peptide/pr ...
Deoxyribozyme
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Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions, similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,there are no known naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deoxyribozymes even in comparison to ribozymes.In addition to the inherent inferiority of DNA catalytic activity, the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in biological systems which would limit its physical flexibility and ability to form tertiary structures, and so would drastically limit the ability of double-stranded DNA to act as a catalyst; though there are a few known instances of biological single-stranded DNA such as multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), certain viral genomes, and the replication fork formed during DNA replication. Further structural differences between DNA and RNA may also play a role in the lack of biological deoxyribozymes, such as the additional methyl group of the DNA base thymidine compared to the RNA base uracil or the tendency of DNA to adopt the B-form helix while RNA tends to adopt the A-form helix. However, it has also been shown that DNA can form structures that RNA cannot, which suggests that, though there are differences in structures that each can form, neither is inherently more or less catalytic due to their possible structural motifs.