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... markers, their pattern of connectivity and the behavioural processes in which they participate. Three main transmitter phenotypes have been described, cholinergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic, and yet electrophysiological evidence suggests heterogeneity within these subtypes. To gain further insight ...
... markers, their pattern of connectivity and the behavioural processes in which they participate. Three main transmitter phenotypes have been described, cholinergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic, and yet electrophysiological evidence suggests heterogeneity within these subtypes. To gain further insight ...
Rethinking Mammalian Brain Evolution1
... SYNOPSIS. A critical review of past and current theories of mammalian brain evolution is presented in order to discuss conceptual problems that persist in the field. Problems with the concept of homology arise because of the interaction of cell lineages and axonal connectivity in the determination o ...
... SYNOPSIS. A critical review of past and current theories of mammalian brain evolution is presented in order to discuss conceptual problems that persist in the field. Problems with the concept of homology arise because of the interaction of cell lineages and axonal connectivity in the determination o ...
TESE
... shifted the focus of ALS research and implicated abnormal RNA processing as a critical process in ALS pathogenesis (Lagier-Tourenne et al., 2010). Further support for the concept that FTD and ALS are closely related conditions is the recognition that both clinical syndromes may occur within the same ...
... shifted the focus of ALS research and implicated abnormal RNA processing as a critical process in ALS pathogenesis (Lagier-Tourenne et al., 2010). Further support for the concept that FTD and ALS are closely related conditions is the recognition that both clinical syndromes may occur within the same ...
TESIS DOCTORAL Regulación de la plasticidad y de la capacidad
... memory, obesity associated to hyperphagia and increased excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons. In the long term, we also observed slow and progressive excitotoxic neurodegeneration. Overall, our results indicate that interfering with microRNA biogenesis causes an increase in neuronal responsiveness ...
... memory, obesity associated to hyperphagia and increased excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons. In the long term, we also observed slow and progressive excitotoxic neurodegeneration. Overall, our results indicate that interfering with microRNA biogenesis causes an increase in neuronal responsiveness ...
hanPNAS11
... Golli-Gfp or lacked CldU, but none expressed ZFPM2. Most importantly, as defined by the highly conservative triple criteria (Golli-Gfp+, ZFPM2+, and CldU−), no L6 neurons were labeled by the retrograde tracer in any of the traced Tbr1+/+ brains (n = 8). In contrast, defined by the same stringent crite ...
... Golli-Gfp or lacked CldU, but none expressed ZFPM2. Most importantly, as defined by the highly conservative triple criteria (Golli-Gfp+, ZFPM2+, and CldU−), no L6 neurons were labeled by the retrograde tracer in any of the traced Tbr1+/+ brains (n = 8). In contrast, defined by the same stringent crite ...
Frontiers in Zoology - Deep Metazoan Phylogeny
... study also based on 18S rDNA, Telford and Holland [41] proposed a most likely position of the chaetognaths as descendants from an early metazoan branch possibly originating prior to the radiation of the major coelomate groups. Halanych [42] (18S rDNA) suggested a chaetognath-nematode relationship bu ...
... study also based on 18S rDNA, Telford and Holland [41] proposed a most likely position of the chaetognaths as descendants from an early metazoan branch possibly originating prior to the radiation of the major coelomate groups. Halanych [42] (18S rDNA) suggested a chaetognath-nematode relationship bu ...
The Angelman syndrome ubiquitin ligase localizes to the synapse
... Loss of function of the maternally inherited allele for the UBE3A ubiquitin ligase gene causes Angelman syndrome (AS), which is characterized by severe neurological impairment and motor dysfunction. In addition, UBE3A lies within chromosome 15q11 –q13 region, where maternal, but not paternal, duplic ...
... Loss of function of the maternally inherited allele for the UBE3A ubiquitin ligase gene causes Angelman syndrome (AS), which is characterized by severe neurological impairment and motor dysfunction. In addition, UBE3A lies within chromosome 15q11 –q13 region, where maternal, but not paternal, duplic ...
ABSTRACT Title of dissertation: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NEURONAL
... hippocampal neurons. First, I showed that the SALMs, a newly discovered family of CAMs, regulate changes in neurite outgrowth with distinct morphological characteristics. Through transfections of primary hippocampal neurons, I investigated the roles of each SALM in neurite outgrowth. In addition to ...
... hippocampal neurons. First, I showed that the SALMs, a newly discovered family of CAMs, regulate changes in neurite outgrowth with distinct morphological characteristics. Through transfections of primary hippocampal neurons, I investigated the roles of each SALM in neurite outgrowth. In addition to ...
The largest growth cones in the animal kingdom
... the isolated neuron can be checked electrophysiologically as well as visually in the intact ganglion prior to removal. The second primary difference between Aplysia cell culture techniques and those used for Lymnaea or Helisoma is the nature of the additives to the cell culture media to promote robu ...
... the isolated neuron can be checked electrophysiologically as well as visually in the intact ganglion prior to removal. The second primary difference between Aplysia cell culture techniques and those used for Lymnaea or Helisoma is the nature of the additives to the cell culture media to promote robu ...
UNC-119 suppresses axon branching
... terminus of the full-length UNC-119 protein. Similarly, the Punc47::UNC-119cDNA:GFP (pKK12) reporter was prepared by PCR amplifying a fragment from the plasmid ‘unc-119 cDNA5′ using these same primers. Ligations were performed as with pKK11. Punc-47::UNC-119cDNA:GFP (pKK12) contained the GFP reporte ...
... terminus of the full-length UNC-119 protein. Similarly, the Punc47::UNC-119cDNA:GFP (pKK12) reporter was prepared by PCR amplifying a fragment from the plasmid ‘unc-119 cDNA5′ using these same primers. Ligations were performed as with pKK11. Punc-47::UNC-119cDNA:GFP (pKK12) contained the GFP reporte ...
The Structure and Plasticity of the Proximal Axon of Hippocampal
... AIS plasticity is regulated may help understand its importance in neuro-pathologies like epilepsy, bipolar disease, and intellectual disability. Here we investigated the mechanism of AIS relocation in response to chronic depolarization in dissociated hippocampal neurons. Using cycloheximide, a prote ...
... AIS plasticity is regulated may help understand its importance in neuro-pathologies like epilepsy, bipolar disease, and intellectual disability. Here we investigated the mechanism of AIS relocation in response to chronic depolarization in dissociated hippocampal neurons. Using cycloheximide, a prote ...
microcircuits in the striatum striatal cell types and their
... extremely phasic or episodic bursty pattern of activity with a low mean firing rate. The up and down states are known to result from synchronous phasic inputs from large numbers of cortical and/or thalamic neurons that interact with a a strong, fast inward rectifier and an outward rectifier (Gerfen ...
... extremely phasic or episodic bursty pattern of activity with a low mean firing rate. The up and down states are known to result from synchronous phasic inputs from large numbers of cortical and/or thalamic neurons that interact with a a strong, fast inward rectifier and an outward rectifier (Gerfen ...
Temperature Integration at the AC Thermosensory Neurons
... contrast, the first response of the AC neurons (⬃25°C) was not significantly different (t(16) ⫽ 0.5155, p ⫽ 0.6133) regardless of whether the antennae remained connected (Fig. 1C). The data suggest that the second response (⬃27°C) of the AC neurons is dependent on the antennae. To further support th ...
... contrast, the first response of the AC neurons (⬃25°C) was not significantly different (t(16) ⫽ 0.5155, p ⫽ 0.6133) regardless of whether the antennae remained connected (Fig. 1C). The data suggest that the second response (⬃27°C) of the AC neurons is dependent on the antennae. To further support th ...
Neuronal Activation in the Medulla Oblongata During Selective
... these studies, abdominal, oropharyngeal, and esophageal muscles were active during cough or swallow. Although both of these studies found neuronal activation in some common brain stem regions, certain regions showed neuronal activity during swallowing but not during coughing and vice versa. For exam ...
... these studies, abdominal, oropharyngeal, and esophageal muscles were active during cough or swallow. Although both of these studies found neuronal activation in some common brain stem regions, certain regions showed neuronal activity during swallowing but not during coughing and vice versa. For exam ...
Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease
The biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common causes of adult dementia, is as yet not well understood. AD has been identified as a protein misfolding disease due to the accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid beta protein in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. Amyloid beta, also written Aβ, is a short peptide that is an abnormal proteolytic byproduct of the transmembrane protein amyloid precursor protein (APP), whose function is unclear but thought to be involved in neuronal development. The presenilins are components of proteolytic complex involved in APP processing and degradation.Amyloid beta monomers are soluble and contain short regions of beta sheet and polyproline II helix secondary structures in solution, though they are largely alpha helical in membranes; however, at sufficiently high concentration, they undergo a dramatic conformational change to form a beta sheet-rich tertiary structure that aggregates to form amyloid fibrils. These fibrils deposit outside neurons in dense formations known as senile plaques or neuritic plaques, in less dense aggregates as diffuse plaques, and sometimes in the walls of small blood vessels in the brain in a process called amyloid angiopathy or congophilic angiopathy.AD is also considered a tauopathy due to abnormal aggregation of the tau protein, a microtubule-associated protein expressed in neurons that normally acts to stabilize microtubules in the cell cytoskeleton. Like most microtubule-associated proteins, tau is normally regulated by phosphorylation; however, in AD patients, hyperphosphorylated tau accumulates as paired helical filaments that in turn aggregate into masses inside nerve cell bodies known as neurofibrillary tangles and as dystrophic neurites associated with amyloid plaques. Although little is known about the process of filament assembly, it has recently been shown that a depletion of a prolyl isomerase protein in the parvulin family accelerates the accumulation of abnormal tau.Neuroinflammation is also involved in the complex cascade leading to AD pathology and symptoms. Considerable pathological and clinical evidence documents immunological changes associated with AD, including increased pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Whether these changes may be a cause or consequence of AD remains to be fully understood, but inflammation within the brain, including increased reactivity of the resident microglia towards amyloid deposits, has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of AD.