Autometallographic Tracing of Bismuth in Human Brain Autopsies
... have been treated with drugs containing bismuth. Modern variants include a combination of bismuth salts and antibiotics (De-Nolt, Pyloridt) that are used to treat patients suffering from Helicobacter pylori-associated peptic ulcers. Bismuth compounds are used in a wide variety of products, including ...
... have been treated with drugs containing bismuth. Modern variants include a combination of bismuth salts and antibiotics (De-Nolt, Pyloridt) that are used to treat patients suffering from Helicobacter pylori-associated peptic ulcers. Bismuth compounds are used in a wide variety of products, including ...
The WHO ICD - Short version
... helps those who try to deny the medical reality of our disease, and give the impression that M.E. is ‘mysterious.’ The main problem with the term ‘CFS’ is that ‘CFS’ does not exist. The definitions of ‘CFS describe a heterogeneous group of patients suffering from a vast array of different diseases w ...
... helps those who try to deny the medical reality of our disease, and give the impression that M.E. is ‘mysterious.’ The main problem with the term ‘CFS’ is that ‘CFS’ does not exist. The definitions of ‘CFS describe a heterogeneous group of patients suffering from a vast array of different diseases w ...
Circadian and histaminergic regulation of the sleep
... movement slow-wave sleep remained similar to those of the control. We conclude from our data that the circadian process may affect homeostatic regulation, thus indicating an interaction between rather than the mutual independence of these two processes. The circadian process also affects the histami ...
... movement slow-wave sleep remained similar to those of the control. We conclude from our data that the circadian process may affect homeostatic regulation, thus indicating an interaction between rather than the mutual independence of these two processes. The circadian process also affects the histami ...
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... Homeostatic control of breathing, heart rate, and body temperature relies on circuits within the brainstem modulated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT). Mounting evidence points to specialized neuronal subtypes within the serotonergic neuronal system, borne out in functional studies, for the m ...
... Homeostatic control of breathing, heart rate, and body temperature relies on circuits within the brainstem modulated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT). Mounting evidence points to specialized neuronal subtypes within the serotonergic neuronal system, borne out in functional studies, for the m ...
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to
... only for the tests pertaining to reward responses. To evaluate the relationship between neuronal discharge and specific events, we produced rasters and continuously varying spike density functions (Richmond et al. 1987) aligned on the events. To generate the spike density function, a Gaussian pulse ...
... only for the tests pertaining to reward responses. To evaluate the relationship between neuronal discharge and specific events, we produced rasters and continuously varying spike density functions (Richmond et al. 1987) aligned on the events. To generate the spike density function, a Gaussian pulse ...
Thalamocortical neuron loss and localized astrocytosis in the Cln3
... doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2005.05.018 ...
... doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2005.05.018 ...
Anatomy of Olivocochlear Neurons
... Both groups of OC neurons have fibers that branch extensively in the cochlea (Fig. 2.3). The end result of the branching is that a relatively small number of OC neurons gives rise to numerous synapses in the cochlea. LOC fibers synapse mainly on dendrites of auditory nerve fibers beneath IHCs. In th ...
... Both groups of OC neurons have fibers that branch extensively in the cochlea (Fig. 2.3). The end result of the branching is that a relatively small number of OC neurons gives rise to numerous synapses in the cochlea. LOC fibers synapse mainly on dendrites of auditory nerve fibers beneath IHCs. In th ...
THE YIN AND YANG OF NEUROTROPHIN ACTION
... sortilin BOX 1, a receptor that is localized mainly intracellularly34,35, controls the mode of BDNF secretion36. Sortilin is co-localized with BDNF in secretory granules in neurons, and interacts with two sub-regions, ‘box 2’ (which contains Val66) and ‘box 3’, both of which are in the pro-domain ...
... sortilin BOX 1, a receptor that is localized mainly intracellularly34,35, controls the mode of BDNF secretion36. Sortilin is co-localized with BDNF in secretory granules in neurons, and interacts with two sub-regions, ‘box 2’ (which contains Val66) and ‘box 3’, both of which are in the pro-domain ...
Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal
... Data collection for birds injected with fluorescent beads was similar to that for fluorogold-injected birds. Twelve sections through HVC were completely scanned for 3H-labeled neurons. The number of such cells that were also retrogradely labeled with beads was divided by the volume sampled to genera ...
... Data collection for birds injected with fluorescent beads was similar to that for fluorogold-injected birds. Twelve sections through HVC were completely scanned for 3H-labeled neurons. The number of such cells that were also retrogradely labeled with beads was divided by the volume sampled to genera ...
Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... Butcher, 1986). In the rat and monkey, SNc dopaminergic neurons receive direct glutamatergic and cholinergic input from PPN neurons (Sugimoto and Hattori, 1984; Clarke et al., 1987; Scarnati et al., 1987; Gould et al., 1989; Bolam et al., 1991; Futami et al., 1995; Oakman et al., 1995; Charara et al ...
... Butcher, 1986). In the rat and monkey, SNc dopaminergic neurons receive direct glutamatergic and cholinergic input from PPN neurons (Sugimoto and Hattori, 1984; Clarke et al., 1987; Scarnati et al., 1987; Gould et al., 1989; Bolam et al., 1991; Futami et al., 1995; Oakman et al., 1995; Charara et al ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... upregulated under fasting conditions10), and the forkhead box transcription factor Foxa2, a downstream target of insulin signaling, is reported to be involved in this transcriptional regulation14). These findings suggest that the activities of orexin neurons are regulated by metabolic balance. Orexi ...
... upregulated under fasting conditions10), and the forkhead box transcription factor Foxa2, a downstream target of insulin signaling, is reported to be involved in this transcriptional regulation14). These findings suggest that the activities of orexin neurons are regulated by metabolic balance. Orexi ...
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... b. the gates that control the passage of potassium ions are closed. c. there is a greater concentration of positively charged sodium ions inside the cell body than outside of it. d. it has a slightly positive charge. e. it lacks potential energy. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Neurons: The Body’s Wiring OBJ: 3- ...
... b. the gates that control the passage of potassium ions are closed. c. there is a greater concentration of positively charged sodium ions inside the cell body than outside of it. d. it has a slightly positive charge. e. it lacks potential energy. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Neurons: The Body’s Wiring OBJ: 3- ...
Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease
The biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common causes of adult dementia, is as yet not well understood. AD has been identified as a protein misfolding disease due to the accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid beta protein in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. Amyloid beta, also written Aβ, is a short peptide that is an abnormal proteolytic byproduct of the transmembrane protein amyloid precursor protein (APP), whose function is unclear but thought to be involved in neuronal development. The presenilins are components of proteolytic complex involved in APP processing and degradation.Amyloid beta monomers are soluble and contain short regions of beta sheet and polyproline II helix secondary structures in solution, though they are largely alpha helical in membranes; however, at sufficiently high concentration, they undergo a dramatic conformational change to form a beta sheet-rich tertiary structure that aggregates to form amyloid fibrils. These fibrils deposit outside neurons in dense formations known as senile plaques or neuritic plaques, in less dense aggregates as diffuse plaques, and sometimes in the walls of small blood vessels in the brain in a process called amyloid angiopathy or congophilic angiopathy.AD is also considered a tauopathy due to abnormal aggregation of the tau protein, a microtubule-associated protein expressed in neurons that normally acts to stabilize microtubules in the cell cytoskeleton. Like most microtubule-associated proteins, tau is normally regulated by phosphorylation; however, in AD patients, hyperphosphorylated tau accumulates as paired helical filaments that in turn aggregate into masses inside nerve cell bodies known as neurofibrillary tangles and as dystrophic neurites associated with amyloid plaques. Although little is known about the process of filament assembly, it has recently been shown that a depletion of a prolyl isomerase protein in the parvulin family accelerates the accumulation of abnormal tau.Neuroinflammation is also involved in the complex cascade leading to AD pathology and symptoms. Considerable pathological and clinical evidence documents immunological changes associated with AD, including increased pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Whether these changes may be a cause or consequence of AD remains to be fully understood, but inflammation within the brain, including increased reactivity of the resident microglia towards amyloid deposits, has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of AD.