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Also available as free
Also available as free

... Dr. Paul Ehrlich’s scientific contributions have been substantial and sustained. The quality and depth of his interpretation of environmental issues to students, the general public, and to policy makers is unrivaled. His concern for both environmental quality and environmental justice has rarely bee ...
A.12 GIANT GARTER SNAKE - Butte Regional Conservation Plan
A.12 GIANT GARTER SNAKE - Butte Regional Conservation Plan

... of the flood-proneness of the area. To estimate average giant garter snakes across the landscape and to make the results of Wylie et al. (2011) more applicable to the rice in the Plan Area, the total density of snakes per lineal mile of canal habitat from all transects, including those that did not ...
Observations on the Endemic Pygmy Three
Observations on the Endemic Pygmy Three

... possible given our limited data on affecting environmental conditions. The second carcass was in a lesser state of decay, with some epidermal degradation, but overall recognizable features. These carcasses were still fully intact, suggesting that they were not killed by predation. If so, these obser ...
Biology
Biology

... The range of temperatures that an organism needs to survive and its place in the food web are part of its niche. The combination of biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem often determines the number of different niches in that ecosystem. ...
significant habitats - the Town of Poughkeepsie
significant habitats - the Town of Poughkeepsie

... For purposes of this project, a “habitat” is simply the place where an organism or population lives or where a biological community occurs, and is defined according to both its biological and non-biological components. Individual species will be protected for the long term only if their habitats rem ...
here - Convention on Migratory Species
here - Convention on Migratory Species

... and fill in key knowledge gaps. This review has only been made possible thanks to the contributions of over 100 conservationists, ornithologists and academics from across the world, each with an expertise in shorebird research and conservation, and many on a voluntary basis. We are extremely gratefu ...
Larval ecology of an ascidian tropical population in a Mediterranean
Larval ecology of an ascidian tropical population in a Mediterranean

... matched a perfect linear relationship ( R =~ 0.9496, p < 0.05) with the settlement and recruitment registered on experimental settlement surfaces. Of the larvae produced by the population 29% settled locally, contributing to the consolidation of populations already established. Only 1.3% of the larv ...
COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Behr`s Hairstreak
COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Behr`s Hairstreak

... capabilities and remain within close proximity to Antelope-brush habitat. Average dispersal distances for the butterfly, based on field studies completed in the south Okanagan Valley, are 80 – 120 m depending on spring weather, with a maximumrecorded dispersal of 1.2 km. Population Sizes and Trends ...
Mechanistic Approaches to Community Ecology
Mechanistic Approaches to Community Ecology

... which interpret community ecology almost strictly in terms of "megaparameters." Mechanistic approaches can be divided into those which use population dynamics as a major component of the theory and those which do not; examples of the two are about equally common. The first approach sacrifices a high ...
Indexically Structured Ecological Communities Abstract. Ecological
Indexically Structured Ecological Communities Abstract. Ecological

... Ecology aims to explain how populations and their interactions result in system level properties like diversity, stability, or ecological services, e.g. water retention and biomass production. Local determinism supposes that stable relationships between persistent populations produce these properti ...
Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on the Utilization of Ellgrass (Zostera marina) by Mobile Epifauna and Macrofauna
Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on the Utilization of Ellgrass (Zostera marina) by Mobile Epifauna and Macrofauna

... categorizations such as body size, mobility, and trophic position did not completely predict response to fragmentation, all of the species exhibiting edge effects were among the smallest and least mobile of those studied. The results suggest that fragmented patches, which are common features of the ...
High Reproductive Rates Result in High Predation Risks: A
High Reproductive Rates Result in High Predation Risks: A

... environments that consist of multiple patches, each of which is connected to all others, while other studies (Comins and Hassell 1996) have assumed a kind of diffusive dispersal within patchy environments by using a spatially explicit metapopulation model. These studies suggest that spatial structur ...
Frog Project Report 2012/13
Frog Project Report 2012/13

... Mountains (Hunter, 2007). It has been assumed that this disease has only impacted upon frogs in cooler elevated areas around the world and although it is known to be present in other frog populations, no research has as yet been undertaken to quantify or investigate the effect of the disease in othe ...
8_Biology_SBCGPU 2013-02-15F - San Benito County General
8_Biology_SBCGPU 2013-02-15F - San Benito County General

... compiled and analyzed based on California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) assessment criteria. In this chapter, the county’s biological resources and potential impacts on them from development under the 2035 General Plan are described at a program level. The impact analysis is quantitative (where d ...
Guidelines for managing the endangered Growling Grass Frog in
Guidelines for managing the endangered Growling Grass Frog in

... The Growling Grass Frog (Litoria raniformis) is a large, semi-aquatic tree-frog that is distributed widely across southern Australia, including eastern South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, southern New South Wales and (formerly) the Australian Capital Territory. Despite being once widespread and abu ...
Cervid Ecological Framework
Cervid Ecological Framework

... Cervid is a term used to describe members of the deer family. Ontario has four wild cervid species: moose, white-tailed deer, woodland caribou and American elk. Cervids are a highly valued and unique species group of Ontario's wildlife heritage. They are considered by many as symbols of wilderness a ...
Management Plan for the McCown`s Longspur in Canada
Management Plan for the McCown`s Longspur in Canada

... Minnesota, and Oklahoma (Kantrud and Kologiski 1982; Sedgwick 2004; With 2010). The current breeding distribution extends from southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan south through Montana and Wyoming to north-central Colorado and western Nebraska (Rising 1996; Sedwick 2004; With 2010; Nature ...
Ecological Inventory of Queensborough, City of New Westminster
Ecological Inventory of Queensborough, City of New Westminster

... Other areas of natural or semi‐natural vegetation were typically small and often isolated from  other habitats. Higher ecological value was given to areas that had contiguous natural cover, as  they provided a corridor for movement of species, and potentially a buffer from more  developed areas. The ...
Appendix 3-5 Shiels Army annual report June 2007
Appendix 3-5 Shiels Army annual report June 2007

... similar to those reported for Paradise Park in Manoa Valley (24 R. rattus/100 trap nights; Tamarin & Malecha 1972). Although the HON site appears unreasonably low when compared to KHI (8 R. rattus/100 trap nights), it is nearly identical to the average densities of four of the five sites sampled ac ...
Population Growth and Interactions
Population Growth and Interactions

... Banff springs snail also exhibits clumped distribution. Rather than being evenly distributed throughout their habitat, the snails clump around the areas where the spring water emerges from the ground. Artificial populations, such as plants growing in orchards or agricultural fields, often exhibit un ...
Habitat Use by Juvenile Salmonids in the Smith River Estuary
Habitat Use by Juvenile Salmonids in the Smith River Estuary

... O. tshawytscha and trout (coastal cutthroat trout O. clarkii clarkii and steelhead O. mykiss) observed in habitats with and without cover along stream margins. Stepwise logistic analysis was used to correlate the presence or absence of Chinook salmon and trout to stream reach, habitat type, flow (m3 ...
The spatial and temporal components of functional connectivity in
The spatial and temporal components of functional connectivity in

... 2000), and is therefore highly dependent on the organisms and landscape being studied. While human activity is usually the cause of changes in structural connectivity through land-use change, it is functional connectivity which determines the ecological effects of habitat destruction and fragmentati ...
Northern hairy-nosed wombat factsheet
Northern hairy-nosed wombat factsheet

... hairy-nosed wombats Visit www.ehp.qld.gov.au or phone 13 QGOV (13 74 68). are left? It is thought that the NHN wombat might have already been in decline when Europeans settled, and was probably the least common of the three wombat species at that time. In the 1980’s NHN wombat numbers had fallen as ...
Flammulated Owl (Otus flammeolus)
Flammulated Owl (Otus flammeolus)

... Population sizes are difficult to estimate, but the world population is thought to be about 40,000 individuals. In Canada the population estimate is likely somewhere between 1,200 and 2,000 breeding birds. Nothing is known directly about population trends, but it is assumed that the population has d ...
Introduction to Landscape Ecology
Introduction to Landscape Ecology

... Loss of species from small forest patches Natural disturbance – agent of death or balance? Biotic interactions such as competition differing locally vs regionally ...
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Source–sink dynamics

Source–sink dynamics is a theoretical model used by ecologists to describe how variation in habitat quality may affect the population growth or decline of organisms.Since quality is likely to vary among patches of habitat, it is important to consider how a low quality patch might affect a population. In this model, organisms occupy two patches of habitat. One patch, the source, is a high quality habitat that on average allows the population to increase. The second patch, the sink, is very low quality habitat that, on its own, would not be able to support a population. However, if the excess of individuals produced in the source frequently moves to the sink, the sink population can persist indefinitely. Organisms are generally assumed to be able to distinguish between high and low quality habitat, and to prefer high quality habitat. However, ecological trap theory describes the reasons why organisms may actually prefer sink patches over source patches. Finally, the source-sink model implies that some habitat patches may be more important to the long-term survival of the population, and considering the presence of source-sink dynamics will help inform conservation decisions.
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