SHADOW ECONOMY INDEX for the Baltic countries 2009 – 2012
... The third group, ‘direct methods’, draw on direct micro-level observations. These are the most expensive and time consuming methods, but they manage to overcome many of the limitations that are typical in macro and MIMIC methods. Direct methods are recommended for situations in which it is importan ...
... The third group, ‘direct methods’, draw on direct micro-level observations. These are the most expensive and time consuming methods, but they manage to overcome many of the limitations that are typical in macro and MIMIC methods. Direct methods are recommended for situations in which it is importan ...
The Business Cycle, Structural And Technological: The Impact On
... The observed growth and contractions of each sector have also had different drivers. For example, the utilities sector (Electricity, Gas & Water) experienced substantial re-structuring and labour shedding throughout the 1990s as a result of the partial de-regulation and privatisation of the sector. ...
... The observed growth and contractions of each sector have also had different drivers. For example, the utilities sector (Electricity, Gas & Water) experienced substantial re-structuring and labour shedding throughout the 1990s as a result of the partial de-regulation and privatisation of the sector. ...
- faculty of economics and management
... type of capital. All the available resources should be allocated efficiently and with equity for the sustainable economic development and well being of the people. Comparison of different countries regarding the effects of natural disasters is difficult because there difference in location, income l ...
... type of capital. All the available resources should be allocated efficiently and with equity for the sustainable economic development and well being of the people. Comparison of different countries regarding the effects of natural disasters is difficult because there difference in location, income l ...
Cournot, A - billisnotchicago.com
... Euclid, respectively. This paper will explain the principles in modern notation, since it is easier to follow. With this in mind, standard conventions of modern economics generally graph price and costs as functions of quantity. The basic principle of profit maximization as revealed by Cournot is th ...
... Euclid, respectively. This paper will explain the principles in modern notation, since it is easier to follow. With this in mind, standard conventions of modern economics generally graph price and costs as functions of quantity. The basic principle of profit maximization as revealed by Cournot is th ...
The Evaluation of Post-Keynesian Economics
... Economics and then give the developments of Post-Keynesian Economics in terms of their assumptions and methodology, later on we will discuss the current state of Post-Keynesian Economics. Post-Keynesian school of macroeconomics was developed in the mid ‘80s as a reaction not only against New Classic ...
... Economics and then give the developments of Post-Keynesian Economics in terms of their assumptions and methodology, later on we will discuss the current state of Post-Keynesian Economics. Post-Keynesian school of macroeconomics was developed in the mid ‘80s as a reaction not only against New Classic ...
Principles of Economics, Case and Fair,9e
... Inflation is always a monetary phenomenon. If the money supply does not change, the price level will not change. The view that changes in the money supply affect only the price level, without a change in the level of output, is called the “strict monetarist” view. Almost all economists agree that su ...
... Inflation is always a monetary phenomenon. If the money supply does not change, the price level will not change. The view that changes in the money supply affect only the price level, without a change in the level of output, is called the “strict monetarist” view. Almost all economists agree that su ...
Chapter 01 Limits, Alternatives, and Choices
... A. the effects of changing beer prices on the market for pretzels. B. the effects of an increased income tax on a typical household's purchase of goods. C. the effects of a reduction in income tax rates on the nation's total output. D. how consumers in Gary, Indiana, respond to a reduction in gasoli ...
... A. the effects of changing beer prices on the market for pretzels. B. the effects of an increased income tax on a typical household's purchase of goods. C. the effects of a reduction in income tax rates on the nation's total output. D. how consumers in Gary, Indiana, respond to a reduction in gasoli ...
A Modern Reader in Institutional and Evolutionary Economics : Key
... and other social sciences. In recent years there have been enormous changes, especially within and on the fringes of economics itself. Some of these developments are sketched in section 1. Section 2 outlines the conceptual and theoretical foundations of institutional and evolutionary economics. Sect ...
... and other social sciences. In recent years there have been enormous changes, especially within and on the fringes of economics itself. Some of these developments are sketched in section 1. Section 2 outlines the conceptual and theoretical foundations of institutional and evolutionary economics. Sect ...
Professorial Inaugural - Universiti Tun Abdul Razak
... of its time. History tells us that Adam Smith’s magnum opus, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, first published in 1776, is considered by many as the founding work of modern school of economics and the progenitor of modern economic theories. However history also tells us ...
... of its time. History tells us that Adam Smith’s magnum opus, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, first published in 1776, is considered by many as the founding work of modern school of economics and the progenitor of modern economic theories. However history also tells us ...
Long Run and Short Run Effects of Government Expenditures on
... these conditions, higher current expenditures of the government stimulate demand for products, which in turn allows producers to increase use of their productive capacities by hiring new capital, labor and thus to expand production. The effect of the current expenditures will be long-lasting if the ...
... these conditions, higher current expenditures of the government stimulate demand for products, which in turn allows producers to increase use of their productive capacities by hiring new capital, labor and thus to expand production. The effect of the current expenditures will be long-lasting if the ...
productivity and structural change: a review of the literature
... assuming sufficient competition, this mechanism leads to differential price trends across the three sectors. As a consequence, in the long run technological progress reduces rents and profits in all sectors, although with different force. According to Fourastié’s view, the development of rents and ...
... assuming sufficient competition, this mechanism leads to differential price trends across the three sectors. As a consequence, in the long run technological progress reduces rents and profits in all sectors, although with different force. According to Fourastié’s view, the development of rents and ...
Analysis of selected concepts on Resource Management
... in the start of the 1970's and predicted exhaustion of several major resources within decades. These claims proved to be wrong, among other things, because well-functioning markets for such resources appear to be well suited to respond to expected scarcity. For example, in terms of expanding the sea ...
... in the start of the 1970's and predicted exhaustion of several major resources within decades. These claims proved to be wrong, among other things, because well-functioning markets for such resources appear to be well suited to respond to expected scarcity. For example, in terms of expanding the sea ...
the returns to education: macroeconomics
... the linkages between human capital and economic performance, together with a methodological description of the empirical analyses based on such theory. The section starts by introducing the important notion of educational externalities (2.2), a concept which largely explains why the typical modellin ...
... the linkages between human capital and economic performance, together with a methodological description of the empirical analyses based on such theory. The section starts by introducing the important notion of educational externalities (2.2), a concept which largely explains why the typical modellin ...
A New Stock Index to Better Predict the United States` Real GDP
... because the increasing U.S. dependence on the service sector for income is not likely to end anytime soon. The United States is sending more production overseas and out of America because of cheap labor abroad. Alexander Paris, Jr. from Barrington Research Associates writes that S&P 500 does not ade ...
... because the increasing U.S. dependence on the service sector for income is not likely to end anytime soon. The United States is sending more production overseas and out of America because of cheap labor abroad. Alexander Paris, Jr. from Barrington Research Associates writes that S&P 500 does not ade ...
lost decade
... Figure 1 shows trends over time in the annual growth rate of real GDP and household consumption during the 1980-2003 period and, as can be seen from this figure, GDP growth was relatively high during the 1980-1991 period (the so-called bubble period) and much lower during the 1991-2003 period (the s ...
... Figure 1 shows trends over time in the annual growth rate of real GDP and household consumption during the 1980-2003 period and, as can be seen from this figure, GDP growth was relatively high during the 1980-1991 period (the so-called bubble period) and much lower during the 1991-2003 period (the s ...
Fiscal consolidation as a self-fulfilling prophecy on fiscal multipliers
... and compare them to what happened with output after those episodes. They indicate that output tended to rise after deficit reductions, particularly on those consolidations focused on the expenditures. However there seems to be a lot of causality problems and omitted variables bias in this kind of em ...
... and compare them to what happened with output after those episodes. They indicate that output tended to rise after deficit reductions, particularly on those consolidations focused on the expenditures. However there seems to be a lot of causality problems and omitted variables bias in this kind of em ...
the role of household consumption
... Figure 1 shows trends over time in the annual growth rate of real GDP and household consumption during the 1980-2003 period and, as can be seen from this figure, GDP growth was relatively high during the 1980-1991 period (the so-called bubble period) and much lower during the 1991-2003 period (the s ...
... Figure 1 shows trends over time in the annual growth rate of real GDP and household consumption during the 1980-2003 period and, as can be seen from this figure, GDP growth was relatively high during the 1980-1991 period (the so-called bubble period) and much lower during the 1991-2003 period (the s ...
Sustaining Investment in Innovation in Oil Rich Gulf Countries
... could be disastrous. Furthermore, an interdisciplinary approach better addresses the complexity of Gulf countries’ resource curse with their concomitant plurality of causes and effects. A range of perspectives should ideally be considered providing a more comprehensive understanding of issues and ch ...
... could be disastrous. Furthermore, an interdisciplinary approach better addresses the complexity of Gulf countries’ resource curse with their concomitant plurality of causes and effects. A range of perspectives should ideally be considered providing a more comprehensive understanding of issues and ch ...
Long-Run Economic Growth chapter
... a rising price level. We focus on real GDP per capita because we want to isolate the effect of a change in the population. For example, other things equal, an increase in the population lowers the standard of living for the average person—there are now more people to share a given amount of real GDP ...
... a rising price level. We focus on real GDP per capita because we want to isolate the effect of a change in the population. For example, other things equal, an increase in the population lowers the standard of living for the average person—there are now more people to share a given amount of real GDP ...
Teacher: Janet Russello Year: 2010
... economics. 6.1.12.BEconomic Systems ~ Analyze the impact of traditional, command and market economies on the United States economy. 6.3.12.AScarcity and Choice ~ Analyze actions taken as a result of scarcity issues in the regional, national and international economies. 6.3.12.B- ...
... economics. 6.1.12.BEconomic Systems ~ Analyze the impact of traditional, command and market economies on the United States economy. 6.3.12.AScarcity and Choice ~ Analyze actions taken as a result of scarcity issues in the regional, national and international economies. 6.3.12.B- ...
Unit - Kurukshetra University
... (ii) Question No. 1 will be compulsory and will consist of 8 short answer type questions of 2 marks spread over the entire syllabus (2*8=16 marks). (iii) For the remaining four questions, students will attempt 1 out of 2 questions from each of the four units (16 marks each). PREAMBLE The main object ...
... (ii) Question No. 1 will be compulsory and will consist of 8 short answer type questions of 2 marks spread over the entire syllabus (2*8=16 marks). (iii) For the remaining four questions, students will attempt 1 out of 2 questions from each of the four units (16 marks each). PREAMBLE The main object ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE CAUSES OF JAPAN’S ‘LOST DECADE’:
... Figure 1 shows trends over time in the annual growth rate of real GDP and household consumption during the 1980-2003 period and, as can be seen from this figure, GDP growth was relatively high during the 1980-1991 period (the so-called bubble period) and much lower during the 1991-2003 period (the s ...
... Figure 1 shows trends over time in the annual growth rate of real GDP and household consumption during the 1980-2003 period and, as can be seen from this figure, GDP growth was relatively high during the 1980-1991 period (the so-called bubble period) and much lower during the 1991-2003 period (the s ...
Economic Growth with Bubbles
... bought their bubbles in earlier periods, while others just created them. When the market for bubbles opens, on the demand side we find investors who cannot obtain a return to investment above that of bubbles; while on the supply side we find consumers and investors who can obtain a return to investm ...
... bought their bubbles in earlier periods, while others just created them. When the market for bubbles opens, on the demand side we find investors who cannot obtain a return to investment above that of bubbles; while on the supply side we find consumers and investors who can obtain a return to investm ...
Keynes and Marx - Post-Keynesian Economics Study Group
... 1931-32 and he stated an intention to re-cast his ideas in a clearer and more satisfactory way. Joan Robinson thought that starting from Marx, rather than orthodox economics, would have saved Keynes ‘a lot of trouble’ (1964: 96). The object of this chapter is to inquire into the possibility that Key ...
... 1931-32 and he stated an intention to re-cast his ideas in a clearer and more satisfactory way. Joan Robinson thought that starting from Marx, rather than orthodox economics, would have saved Keynes ‘a lot of trouble’ (1964: 96). The object of this chapter is to inquire into the possibility that Key ...
An interest rate rule to uniquely implement the optimal equilibrium in
... while at the ZLB. Finally, our proposal does not rely on fiscal policy being “active” or “nonRicardian” to obtain global determinacy. Our results are obtained under the assumption that the fiscal authority always adjusts taxes or spending ex-post to validate any path of the endogenous variables that m ...
... while at the ZLB. Finally, our proposal does not rely on fiscal policy being “active” or “nonRicardian” to obtain global determinacy. Our results are obtained under the assumption that the fiscal authority always adjusts taxes or spending ex-post to validate any path of the endogenous variables that m ...