Working paper
... (European Commission, 2009).5 Transportation is also the only productive sector in which emissions, driven by the growth of road transport, have increased in the period 1990-2006 (Eurostat, 2009). If only urban transportation is considered, the picture remains the same. Transport in London, United ...
... (European Commission, 2009).5 Transportation is also the only productive sector in which emissions, driven by the growth of road transport, have increased in the period 1990-2006 (Eurostat, 2009). If only urban transportation is considered, the picture remains the same. Transport in London, United ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES PLANT-SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND CROSS-COUNTRY INCOME DIFFERENCES Laura Alfaro
... See Caselli (2005), Hall and Jones (1999), Klenow and Rodriguez-Clare (1997), and Prescott (1998). The consensus view in the development accounting literature is that two-thirds of these differences can be attributed to differences in efficiency or total factor productivity. Researchers have consequ ...
... See Caselli (2005), Hall and Jones (1999), Klenow and Rodriguez-Clare (1997), and Prescott (1998). The consensus view in the development accounting literature is that two-thirds of these differences can be attributed to differences in efficiency or total factor productivity. Researchers have consequ ...
Secular stagnation, debt overhang and other rationales for sluggish
... More than six years after the onset of the financial crisis, there is considerable controversy over why growth remains so sluggish across many advanced economies. Theories include a sustained lack of aggregate demand (“secular stagnation”), slowing innovation (implying a downward shift in aggregate ...
... More than six years after the onset of the financial crisis, there is considerable controversy over why growth remains so sluggish across many advanced economies. Theories include a sustained lack of aggregate demand (“secular stagnation”), slowing innovation (implying a downward shift in aggregate ...
Principles of Economics, Case and Fair,9e
... individual industries and the behavior of individual decision-making units—firms and households. macroeconomics Deals with the economy as a whole. Macroeconomics focuses on the determinants of total national income, deals with aggregates such as aggregate consumption and investment, and looks at the ...
... individual industries and the behavior of individual decision-making units—firms and households. macroeconomics Deals with the economy as a whole. Macroeconomics focuses on the determinants of total national income, deals with aggregates such as aggregate consumption and investment, and looks at the ...
The Rise and Decline of General Laws of Capitalism
... 2: The General Law of Declining Pro…t: as capital accumulates, the rate of pro…t falls. These two laws came along with a third, less often stressed but highly relevant, law presented in Volume I of Capital : 3: The General Law of Decreasing Competition: capital accumulation leads to increased indust ...
... 2: The General Law of Declining Pro…t: as capital accumulates, the rate of pro…t falls. These two laws came along with a third, less often stressed but highly relevant, law presented in Volume I of Capital : 3: The General Law of Decreasing Competition: capital accumulation leads to increased indust ...
Impact of Russia`s WTO Accession on the Structure of the Russian
... based on the above definitions is represented in Appendix B4. It is clear from the data in Appendix B that most of the ‘Intermediate goods’ are also those commodities for which Russia has very high exports – natural gas, oil, ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals, and chemical products. The commodity i ...
... based on the above definitions is represented in Appendix B4. It is clear from the data in Appendix B that most of the ‘Intermediate goods’ are also those commodities for which Russia has very high exports – natural gas, oil, ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals, and chemical products. The commodity i ...
Trade Liberalization’s Impact upon Economic Development: Experiences from Asymmetric Countries:
... before and after free trade agreements between Latin American countries and the United States. He found that export growth in the developing countries could only be achieved if the free trade agreement was implemented with improved market access to the developed country and export structure diversif ...
... before and after free trade agreements between Latin American countries and the United States. He found that export growth in the developing countries could only be achieved if the free trade agreement was implemented with improved market access to the developed country and export structure diversif ...
PDF
... World Bank (1985) defines capital flight as the change in a nation’s foreign assets. It is premised on trying to identify both the sources and uses of international funds by a nation; source funds consist of the increase in recorded gross external debt and net foreign direct investment, which can in ...
... World Bank (1985) defines capital flight as the change in a nation’s foreign assets. It is premised on trying to identify both the sources and uses of international funds by a nation; source funds consist of the increase in recorded gross external debt and net foreign direct investment, which can in ...
Controls of capitals in emergent economies
... capacity utilization, external debt as a ratio of GDP, net exports as a ratio of GDP and level of domestic rate of interest under different initial conditions for the level of external debt. After that, we analyze the degree of economy’s fragility to external shocks as, for example, variations in th ...
... capacity utilization, external debt as a ratio of GDP, net exports as a ratio of GDP and level of domestic rate of interest under different initial conditions for the level of external debt. After that, we analyze the degree of economy’s fragility to external shocks as, for example, variations in th ...
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF)
... people has remained an up-hill-task. For over three decades now, economic indicators of level of industrialization in Nigeria are unimpressive. Nigeria‟s industrial sector has been characterised by high import content of industrial inputs, dwindling capacity utilization, high cost of production, low ...
... people has remained an up-hill-task. For over three decades now, economic indicators of level of industrialization in Nigeria are unimpressive. Nigeria‟s industrial sector has been characterised by high import content of industrial inputs, dwindling capacity utilization, high cost of production, low ...
A stylized satellite account for human capital
... between the estimates of human capital by applying the cost-based and the income-based approaches. For instance, if the output of education sector is regarded as investment in human capital, the costbased approach measures it as the sum of total inputs devoted to education (e.g. Kendrick, 1976), whi ...
... between the estimates of human capital by applying the cost-based and the income-based approaches. For instance, if the output of education sector is regarded as investment in human capital, the costbased approach measures it as the sum of total inputs devoted to education (e.g. Kendrick, 1976), whi ...
Privatization. Some Evidence from the World Experiences and from
... The emergence of a tight fiscal environment and the need to control government spending and debt .The convergence criteria from European Monetary Union (Maastricht Treaty) required to diminish the public debt. Selling state enterprises allowed to have additional proceeds for the state budget and to ...
... The emergence of a tight fiscal environment and the need to control government spending and debt .The convergence criteria from European Monetary Union (Maastricht Treaty) required to diminish the public debt. Selling state enterprises allowed to have additional proceeds for the state budget and to ...
South African Futures 2035 Can Bafana Bafana still score? Summary
... prospects became apparent. A weaker than expected global economic recovery, particularly in Europe, which is an important trading partner for South Africa, and continued policy contradiction have compounded poor leadership and a lack of vision. In the short term South Africa is growing at a rate bel ...
... prospects became apparent. A weaker than expected global economic recovery, particularly in Europe, which is an important trading partner for South Africa, and continued policy contradiction have compounded poor leadership and a lack of vision. In the short term South Africa is growing at a rate bel ...
Sample
... Capital, p. 27. Goods, such as machine tools, computers, factories, and office buildings that are used to produce other goods and services. Consumer price index (CPI), p. 42. An average of the prices of the goods and services purchased by the typical urban family of four. Consumption, p. 29. The pur ...
... Capital, p. 27. Goods, such as machine tools, computers, factories, and office buildings that are used to produce other goods and services. Consumer price index (CPI), p. 42. An average of the prices of the goods and services purchased by the typical urban family of four. Consumption, p. 29. The pur ...
Transformation in economics
Transformation in economics refers to a long-term change in dominant economic activity in terms of prevailing relative engagement or employment of able individuals.Human economic systems undergo a number of deviations and departures from the ""normal"" state, trend or development. Among them are Disturbance (short-term disruption, temporary disorder), Perturbation (persistent or repeated divergence, predicament, decline or crisis), Deformation (damage, regime change, loss of self-sustainability, distortion), Transformation (long-term change, restructuring, conversion, new “normal”) and Renewal (rebirth, transmutation, corso-ricorso, renaissance, new beginning).Transformation is a unidirectional and irreversible change in dominant human economic activity (economic sector). Such change is driven by slower or faster continuous improvement in sector productivity growth rate. Productivity growth itself is fueled by advances in technology, inflow of useful innovations, accumulated practical knowledge and experience, levels of education, viability of institutions, quality of decision making and organized human effort. Individual sector transformations are the outcomes of human socio-economic evolution.Human economic activity has so far undergone at least four fundamental transformations:From nomadic hunting and gathering (H/G) to localized agricultureFrom localized agriculture (A) to internationalized industryFrom international industry (I) to global servicesFrom global services (S) to public sector (including government, welfare and unemployment, GWU)This evolution naturally proceeds from securing necessary food, through producing useful things, to providing helpful services, both private and public (See H/G→A→I→S→GWU sequence in Fig. 1). Accelerating productivity growth rates speed up the transformations, from millennia, through centuries, to decades of the recent era. It is this acceleration which makes transformation relevant economic category of today, more fundamental in its impact than any recession, crisis or depression. The evolution of four forms of capital (Indicated in Fig. 1) accompanies all economic transformations.Transformation is quite different from accompanying cyclical recessions and crises, despite the similarity of manifested phenomena (unemployment, technology shifts, socio-political discontent, bankruptcies, etc.). However, the tools and interventions used to combat crisis are clearly ineffective for coping with non-cyclical transformations. The problem is whether we face a mere crisis or a fundamental transformation (globalization→relocalization).