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... to IMF financing, they consider disbursements rather than commitments in excess of 50 percent of a country’s quota. With this definition, the exceptional IMF financial support can be interpreted as a substitute for falling into arrears. Furthermore, Paris Club debt relief for countries that reach th ...
... to IMF financing, they consider disbursements rather than commitments in excess of 50 percent of a country’s quota. With this definition, the exceptional IMF financial support can be interpreted as a substitute for falling into arrears. Furthermore, Paris Club debt relief for countries that reach th ...
Sources of Workers´ Power, Grith Andersen
... Another theme in the literature on organizing informal economy workers has been the relations between informal actors and trade unions (Lindell 2010). Collective organization between the trade union movement and other social movements is evident in the (New) social movement literature (Waterman 199 ...
... Another theme in the literature on organizing informal economy workers has been the relations between informal actors and trade unions (Lindell 2010). Collective organization between the trade union movement and other social movements is evident in the (New) social movement literature (Waterman 199 ...
how to make sense of the structural reform lists for the euro area
... highly accommodative monetary policy. As the ECB often argues, the currently supportive demand-side conditions should be used by governments for structural reforms. The positive economic effects of reforms work through three main channels: (i) employment, (ii) productivity, and (iii) potential outpu ...
... highly accommodative monetary policy. As the ECB often argues, the currently supportive demand-side conditions should be used by governments for structural reforms. The positive economic effects of reforms work through three main channels: (i) employment, (ii) productivity, and (iii) potential outpu ...
cera-economic-recovery-programme-for-greater
... impressively sustained throughout this period of seismic activity, due in no small part to the embracing of innovation as a key driver of business continuity. This recovery will provide further opportunities as new initiatives, focused on innovation in the key sectors of agri-science, high value man ...
... impressively sustained throughout this period of seismic activity, due in no small part to the embracing of innovation as a key driver of business continuity. This recovery will provide further opportunities as new initiatives, focused on innovation in the key sectors of agri-science, high value man ...
Growing the non-oil economy: A private sector assessment for Timor
... economy that is sufficiently stable and diversified, and not dependent on oil revenues. To achieve this, the Government of Timor-Leste needs sound policies, effective legislation, and the stamina to implement challenging reforms across a wide range of areas, including the private sector, banking and ...
... economy that is sufficiently stable and diversified, and not dependent on oil revenues. To achieve this, the Government of Timor-Leste needs sound policies, effective legislation, and the stamina to implement challenging reforms across a wide range of areas, including the private sector, banking and ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES IN CONSUMER CONFIDENCE
... proposes that the cause of the recession was a powerful, long-lasting negative consumption shock associated with an exogenous shift in pessimism that had a causal e¤ect on overall aggregate demand. While not fully pursuing the idea in his brief paper, Blanchard proposes that one might be able to tes ...
... proposes that the cause of the recession was a powerful, long-lasting negative consumption shock associated with an exogenous shift in pessimism that had a causal e¤ect on overall aggregate demand. While not fully pursuing the idea in his brief paper, Blanchard proposes that one might be able to tes ...
grad-Macroeconomics-ISET2
... - instead of renting the capital good next year, for example, you could buy it on credit today, use it for one year and then sell it off. ...
... - instead of renting the capital good next year, for example, you could buy it on credit today, use it for one year and then sell it off. ...
http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i0974e/i0974e.pdf
... alleviate poverty in general. Because this income can be used to purchase food items which would otherwise be inaccessible, commercial aquaculture can improve food security in particular. A significant contribution of commercial aquaculture to food security is its supply of nutritious aquatic food p ...
... alleviate poverty in general. Because this income can be used to purchase food items which would otherwise be inaccessible, commercial aquaculture can improve food security in particular. A significant contribution of commercial aquaculture to food security is its supply of nutritious aquatic food p ...
Five Key Debates in the Social Science Literature.
... regard globalization as a decoupling or “distanciation” between space and time, while geographer David Harvey (1989) and political scientist James Mittelman (1996) observe that globalization entails a “compression” of space and time, a shrinking of the world. Sociologist Manuel Castells (1996, p. 92 ...
... regard globalization as a decoupling or “distanciation” between space and time, while geographer David Harvey (1989) and political scientist James Mittelman (1996) observe that globalization entails a “compression” of space and time, a shrinking of the world. Sociologist Manuel Castells (1996, p. 92 ...
mehr...
... procurement can be used as an innovation policy tool (for overviews, see Edler and Georghiou, 2007; OECD, 2011). For instance, some major initiatives have been launched at the European level to encourage public authorities to focus their procurement spending on innovative products and services (EU, ...
... procurement can be used as an innovation policy tool (for overviews, see Edler and Georghiou, 2007; OECD, 2011). For instance, some major initiatives have been launched at the European level to encourage public authorities to focus their procurement spending on innovative products and services (EU, ...
Political institutions and the natural resource curse
... outcomes, as 80 percent of the windfalls accrued to national governments and the oil-financed investments were largely for public infrastructure that yielded meager returns. In short, decisionmaking by government was a significant factor.16 A substantial body of case study evidence linking the resou ...
... outcomes, as 80 percent of the windfalls accrued to national governments and the oil-financed investments were largely for public infrastructure that yielded meager returns. In short, decisionmaking by government was a significant factor.16 A substantial body of case study evidence linking the resou ...
Territorial Capital
... Global competition is nowadays a reality, with emerging countries invading the European markets with low price products and putting under severe stress the competitiveness of European economies. The outcome of such an aggressive competition for the European territories is still unclear; opportunitie ...
... Global competition is nowadays a reality, with emerging countries invading the European markets with low price products and putting under severe stress the competitiveness of European economies. The outcome of such an aggressive competition for the European territories is still unclear; opportunitie ...
” “ The UniCredit Weekly Focus
... staff economic forecasts along with the MPC’s current thinking. The tone is likely to be “dovish” by emphasizing signs of a growth slowdown, external headwinds and a lack of inflationary pressure from wages and prices. – Review: The ECB seems to be preparing for further easing, although the timing o ...
... staff economic forecasts along with the MPC’s current thinking. The tone is likely to be “dovish” by emphasizing signs of a growth slowdown, external headwinds and a lack of inflationary pressure from wages and prices. – Review: The ECB seems to be preparing for further easing, although the timing o ...
Case Studies on Managing Government Compensation and
... wage bill pressures, which are the basis for the compensation and employment reform lessons identified in the main paper. The selection of countries for the case studies reflects past studies carried out by either the IMF or the World Bank in the context of technical assistance or bilateral surveill ...
... wage bill pressures, which are the basis for the compensation and employment reform lessons identified in the main paper. The selection of countries for the case studies reflects past studies carried out by either the IMF or the World Bank in the context of technical assistance or bilateral surveill ...
... with improved accomplishments in South Asian as well as some of the least developed countries. Thus, while the average growth rate of both East and South-East Asian economies in 1994 increased only marginally, that of the South Asian economies registered an improvement by nearly a full percentage po ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C.
... This paper contains documentation for the large-scale estimated DSGE model of the U.S. economy currently used at the Federal Reserve Board for some forecasting and policy projects – the Estimated, Dynamic, Optimization-based (EDO) model. Section 1 provides a brief qualitative description of the mod ...
... This paper contains documentation for the large-scale estimated DSGE model of the U.S. economy currently used at the Federal Reserve Board for some forecasting and policy projects – the Estimated, Dynamic, Optimization-based (EDO) model. Section 1 provides a brief qualitative description of the mod ...
Macroeconomics
... papers. He completed his PhD at McGill University, and has held visiting appointments at the University of Cambridge and the University of York in the United Kingdom. His current research interests are monetary and fiscal policy rules, and the relationship between economic growth and structural chan ...
... papers. He completed his PhD at McGill University, and has held visiting appointments at the University of Cambridge and the University of York in the United Kingdom. His current research interests are monetary and fiscal policy rules, and the relationship between economic growth and structural chan ...
Transformation in economics
Transformation in economics refers to a long-term change in dominant economic activity in terms of prevailing relative engagement or employment of able individuals.Human economic systems undergo a number of deviations and departures from the ""normal"" state, trend or development. Among them are Disturbance (short-term disruption, temporary disorder), Perturbation (persistent or repeated divergence, predicament, decline or crisis), Deformation (damage, regime change, loss of self-sustainability, distortion), Transformation (long-term change, restructuring, conversion, new “normal”) and Renewal (rebirth, transmutation, corso-ricorso, renaissance, new beginning).Transformation is a unidirectional and irreversible change in dominant human economic activity (economic sector). Such change is driven by slower or faster continuous improvement in sector productivity growth rate. Productivity growth itself is fueled by advances in technology, inflow of useful innovations, accumulated practical knowledge and experience, levels of education, viability of institutions, quality of decision making and organized human effort. Individual sector transformations are the outcomes of human socio-economic evolution.Human economic activity has so far undergone at least four fundamental transformations:From nomadic hunting and gathering (H/G) to localized agricultureFrom localized agriculture (A) to internationalized industryFrom international industry (I) to global servicesFrom global services (S) to public sector (including government, welfare and unemployment, GWU)This evolution naturally proceeds from securing necessary food, through producing useful things, to providing helpful services, both private and public (See H/G→A→I→S→GWU sequence in Fig. 1). Accelerating productivity growth rates speed up the transformations, from millennia, through centuries, to decades of the recent era. It is this acceleration which makes transformation relevant economic category of today, more fundamental in its impact than any recession, crisis or depression. The evolution of four forms of capital (Indicated in Fig. 1) accompanies all economic transformations.Transformation is quite different from accompanying cyclical recessions and crises, despite the similarity of manifested phenomena (unemployment, technology shifts, socio-political discontent, bankruptcies, etc.). However, the tools and interventions used to combat crisis are clearly ineffective for coping with non-cyclical transformations. The problem is whether we face a mere crisis or a fundamental transformation (globalization→relocalization).