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x - unist
x - unist

... level) and that vanishes at x1 and x2 (or any other conditions necessary to satisfy the boundary conditions). Then, our original y becomes y(0,x). J is in principle a functional of y. However, x2 J     f  y ( , x), y, y, ; x dx once we use y(α,x) instead of y(x), we may x1 think J as a no ...
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Topological quantum field theory

A topological quantum field theory (or topological field theory or TQFT) is a quantum field theory which computes topological invariants.Although TQFTs were invented by physicists, they are also of mathematical interest, being related to, among other things, knot theory and the theory of four-manifolds in algebraic topology, and to the theory of moduli spaces in algebraic geometry. Donaldson, Jones, Witten, and Kontsevich have all won Fields Medals for work related to topological field theory.In condensed matter physics, topological quantum field theories are the low energy effective theories of topologically ordered states, such as fractional quantum Hall states, string-net condensed states, and other strongly correlated quantum liquid states.
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