Folie 1
... envelope Bacteria have own autolytic enzymes to change size and shape of molecular meshwork ...
... envelope Bacteria have own autolytic enzymes to change size and shape of molecular meshwork ...
Transport Across a Cell Membrane
... Co-Transport • Other transporters use the energy already stored in the gradient of a directly-pumped ion • First direct active transport of the ion establishes a concentration gradient. • Then this concentration gradient uses facilitated diffusion to pass the ion back into the cell • The ion’ passa ...
... Co-Transport • Other transporters use the energy already stored in the gradient of a directly-pumped ion • First direct active transport of the ion establishes a concentration gradient. • Then this concentration gradient uses facilitated diffusion to pass the ion back into the cell • The ion’ passa ...
Viruses (4)
... 8. Protein degradation • 3-D stage of protein changes shape as protein ages, marked by ubiquitin for destruction ...
... 8. Protein degradation • 3-D stage of protein changes shape as protein ages, marked by ubiquitin for destruction ...
Identifying Genes in E. coli
... PMO have been found Mutants picked are not revertants back to the non-leaky E. coli strain Mutations have not been in the target region of the PMO Library experiment did not result in finding ...
... PMO have been found Mutants picked are not revertants back to the non-leaky E. coli strain Mutations have not been in the target region of the PMO Library experiment did not result in finding ...
Structure and function of the divisome in E. coli – the factory of cell
... From DNA to proteins – information flow • when the cell divides DNA is replicated – DNA polymerase • - DNA contains genes that code for proteins • - when activated, RNA polymerase builds an RNA copy, messenger RNA (mRNA) – transcription • - mRNA goes to the ribosome – there transfer RNA (tRNA) help ...
... From DNA to proteins – information flow • when the cell divides DNA is replicated – DNA polymerase • - DNA contains genes that code for proteins • - when activated, RNA polymerase builds an RNA copy, messenger RNA (mRNA) – transcription • - mRNA goes to the ribosome – there transfer RNA (tRNA) help ...
Transcription and the control of gene expression
... FIGURE 6.14. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II is guided to the promoter by TFII accessory proteins. (A) TBP binds to the TATA box. (B) The complete transcription preinitiation complex. (C) Phosphorylated RNA polymerase is active. ...
... FIGURE 6.14. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II is guided to the promoter by TFII accessory proteins. (A) TBP binds to the TATA box. (B) The complete transcription preinitiation complex. (C) Phosphorylated RNA polymerase is active. ...
no sigma falls off after initiation
... Given the DNA sequence, it would be impossible to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein. if know DNA, know RNA and thus protein ...
... Given the DNA sequence, it would be impossible to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein. if know DNA, know RNA and thus protein ...
TRANSGENESE - univ
... some germ cells that have incorporated the transgene; some of their progeny will carry the transgene in all somatic and germ-line cells, giving rise to pure transgenic lines. • Individuals carrying the transgene are recognized by expression of a marker gene (white+) that is present on the donor DNA. ...
... some germ cells that have incorporated the transgene; some of their progeny will carry the transgene in all somatic and germ-line cells, giving rise to pure transgenic lines. • Individuals carrying the transgene are recognized by expression of a marker gene (white+) that is present on the donor DNA. ...
Amino acids
... Normal hemoglobin = the major protein which fills red blood cells Carries oxygen from the lungs to body tissues Carries carbon dioxide away from body tissues to the lungs ...
... Normal hemoglobin = the major protein which fills red blood cells Carries oxygen from the lungs to body tissues Carries carbon dioxide away from body tissues to the lungs ...
PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
... solute DNA but plasmides are easier to handle (they are easy to get off from cells and the extra DNA is easy to add into Picture 1. Gene’s multiplying in cells. Violet is transposed gene. them). Plasmides can also move to another cell. When you clone gene in bacteria, you will need: restriction enzy ...
... solute DNA but plasmides are easier to handle (they are easy to get off from cells and the extra DNA is easy to add into Picture 1. Gene’s multiplying in cells. Violet is transposed gene. them). Plasmides can also move to another cell. When you clone gene in bacteria, you will need: restriction enzy ...
How Do You Clone a Gene?
... Genetic engineering is a term that refers to changing the genes found in DNA. The process of inserting a new gene into a DNA molecule is called cloning. The newly-constructed DNA molecule and the cell in which it is found is called a clone. The plasmid molecule in the cell replicates, making many mo ...
... Genetic engineering is a term that refers to changing the genes found in DNA. The process of inserting a new gene into a DNA molecule is called cloning. The newly-constructed DNA molecule and the cell in which it is found is called a clone. The plasmid molecule in the cell replicates, making many mo ...
Biology Topic 3
... transfer Involving plasmids, a host cell (bacterium, yeast orother cell), restriction enzymes (endonuclease) and DNA ligase. The use of E. Coli in gene techonology is well documented. Most of its DNA is in one circular chromosome but it also has plasmids (smaller circles of DNA helix). These plasmid ...
... transfer Involving plasmids, a host cell (bacterium, yeast orother cell), restriction enzymes (endonuclease) and DNA ligase. The use of E. Coli in gene techonology is well documented. Most of its DNA is in one circular chromosome but it also has plasmids (smaller circles of DNA helix). These plasmid ...
ppt presentation
... - antiviral defense – preventing of spreading of infection and new infection ...
... - antiviral defense – preventing of spreading of infection and new infection ...
GENETICS 603 Exam 1, September 27, 2013 1. Which of the
... chorismate allowed the initial steps of the pathway to be elucidated, as shown in the feeding studies illustrated below (modified from actual for test purposes): ...
... chorismate allowed the initial steps of the pathway to be elucidated, as shown in the feeding studies illustrated below (modified from actual for test purposes): ...
Choosing between pathogenicity and saprophytism: A case study
... which have been shown to have roles in fungal pathogenesis (Nowrousian et al. 2007, Soanes et al. 2008). Expression of the above two genes was checked 18 hrs post QA induction for two reasons: 1) the SSH library had been constructed using mycelia harvested 18 hrs after QA induction, and 2) all 9 gen ...
... which have been shown to have roles in fungal pathogenesis (Nowrousian et al. 2007, Soanes et al. 2008). Expression of the above two genes was checked 18 hrs post QA induction for two reasons: 1) the SSH library had been constructed using mycelia harvested 18 hrs after QA induction, and 2) all 9 gen ...
source file - MIMG — UCLA
... IMPORTANT NOTES!! Only ONE person at a time from each team may modify the team notebook; otherwise you will delete your teammate’s work! NOTE: formay MetaCyc willlater be entered on the page later. SkipAdditional MetaCyc information section – you add this in the quarter. ...
... IMPORTANT NOTES!! Only ONE person at a time from each team may modify the team notebook; otherwise you will delete your teammate’s work! NOTE: formay MetaCyc willlater be entered on the page later. SkipAdditional MetaCyc information section – you add this in the quarter. ...
BSN/Briefing 24 - British Society for Neuroendocrinology
... factors can epigenetically alter chromatin structure that persists into adulthood. Recent evidence has altered our view of the stability of this epigenetic memory and suggests these changes are much more plastic and reversible. Oestrogen, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone receptor signalling studies ...
... factors can epigenetically alter chromatin structure that persists into adulthood. Recent evidence has altered our view of the stability of this epigenetic memory and suggests these changes are much more plastic and reversible. Oestrogen, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone receptor signalling studies ...
A Patient-Derived, Deeply Characterized
... a landscape of potentially actionable drug targets. Growth factor receptor amplification and mutations, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) alterations, PIK3CA mutations and PTEN deletion and mutation are especially common (Brennan et al., 2013). In all, growth factor receptor signaling ...
... a landscape of potentially actionable drug targets. Growth factor receptor amplification and mutations, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) alterations, PIK3CA mutations and PTEN deletion and mutation are especially common (Brennan et al., 2013). In all, growth factor receptor signaling ...
Genetic Engineering
... of the vector molecule (with either orientation), to form a recombinant molecule. ...
... of the vector molecule (with either orientation), to form a recombinant molecule. ...
PPT3
... the computational power of a Turing machine, the accepted formal model of computation. This indicates that, in principle, these unicellular organisms may have the capacity to perform at least any computation electronic computer. ...
... the computational power of a Turing machine, the accepted formal model of computation. This indicates that, in principle, these unicellular organisms may have the capacity to perform at least any computation electronic computer. ...
NIH Biosketch
... developed engineered protein domains that can be inserted into proteins to confer regulation by light or small molecules. In our work published to date, we have generated inert, catalytically inactive kinases which be activated in living cells and animals by adding a small molecule to the medium or ...
... developed engineered protein domains that can be inserted into proteins to confer regulation by light or small molecules. In our work published to date, we have generated inert, catalytically inactive kinases which be activated in living cells and animals by adding a small molecule to the medium or ...
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
... Selective breeding is where desirable characteristics in either plants or animals are increased by only breeding with organisms which show those traits. Examples include: Plants (give one): ...
... Selective breeding is where desirable characteristics in either plants or animals are increased by only breeding with organisms which show those traits. Examples include: Plants (give one): ...
A systems genetic analysis of chronic fatigue syndrome
... Gene expression values were correlated gene-bygene among individuals to construct the coexpression network. We use Pearson productmoment correlations of for each pair of transcripts on the array. For every transcript (a vertex in the network) we construct a correlation profile (a histogram of correl ...
... Gene expression values were correlated gene-bygene among individuals to construct the coexpression network. We use Pearson productmoment correlations of for each pair of transcripts on the array. For every transcript (a vertex in the network) we construct a correlation profile (a histogram of correl ...
Bacterial Genetics
... Bacterial DNA that is transferred from donor to recipient via a bacterial virus (bacteriophage) Two types of transduction ...
... Bacterial DNA that is transferred from donor to recipient via a bacterial virus (bacteriophage) Two types of transduction ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.