An Algorithm for Screening of Genes and Clusters from Microarray Experiments
... of the subjects in question. This characteristic may be different levels of a treatment application, response categories, or even a quantitative response. In order to test for differential expression in cases like these, the Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) procedure was proposed by Tusher ...
... of the subjects in question. This characteristic may be different levels of a treatment application, response categories, or even a quantitative response. In order to test for differential expression in cases like these, the Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) procedure was proposed by Tusher ...
Identification of a novel testis‐specific gene and its potential roles in
... ent organs and tissues is based primarily on differential gene expression. While “housekeeping genes” that contribute to basic structural or metabolic cellular functions are expressed ubiquitously throughout the body, “tissuespecific” genes that contribute to specialized functions in differentiated ...
... ent organs and tissues is based primarily on differential gene expression. While “housekeeping genes” that contribute to basic structural or metabolic cellular functions are expressed ubiquitously throughout the body, “tissuespecific” genes that contribute to specialized functions in differentiated ...
Stepwise Accumulation of an Acid-extractable Protein Fraction in the
... Many organisms including yeasts show marked fluctuations in enzyme activity and in the levels of many cell components through the cell cycle (Mitchison, 1971). What controls these fluctuations is still a matter of considerable speculation but the two main hypotheses both implicate control at the lev ...
... Many organisms including yeasts show marked fluctuations in enzyme activity and in the levels of many cell components through the cell cycle (Mitchison, 1971). What controls these fluctuations is still a matter of considerable speculation but the two main hypotheses both implicate control at the lev ...
Molecular Cloning of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)
... Djbmp expressing cells. Unfortunately, we could not identify what kind of cells expressed Djbmp, because of the sensitivity of our in situ hybridization method on paraffin embedded sections. In addition to sequence comparison (Fig. 2), the expression pattern suggests that DjBMP may be a homologue of ...
... Djbmp expressing cells. Unfortunately, we could not identify what kind of cells expressed Djbmp, because of the sensitivity of our in situ hybridization method on paraffin embedded sections. In addition to sequence comparison (Fig. 2), the expression pattern suggests that DjBMP may be a homologue of ...
Genetic Diseases Update
... Genes are the fundamental units that control protein production in a cell. These proteins are vital to the normal function of a cell e.g. enzymes, structural proteins. Hence a change in a gene that results in either a qualitative or quantitative defect in protein production is likely to result in a ...
... Genes are the fundamental units that control protein production in a cell. These proteins are vital to the normal function of a cell e.g. enzymes, structural proteins. Hence a change in a gene that results in either a qualitative or quantitative defect in protein production is likely to result in a ...
carbohydrate metabolism
... Catabolism of glucose • The paths that cells use to oxidize glucose completely to carbon dioxide involve many individual chemical reactions. These reactions occur in three different stages. These are: - initial break down of glucose to pyruvate in glycolysis, - further degradation of pyruvate to ac ...
... Catabolism of glucose • The paths that cells use to oxidize glucose completely to carbon dioxide involve many individual chemical reactions. These reactions occur in three different stages. These are: - initial break down of glucose to pyruvate in glycolysis, - further degradation of pyruvate to ac ...
Stepwise Accumulation of an Acid-extractable Protein Fraction in the
... Many organisms including yeasts show marked fluctuations in enzyme activity and in the levels of many cell components through the cell cycle (Mitchison, 1971). What controls these fluctuations is still a matter of considerable speculation but the two main hypotheses both implicate control at the lev ...
... Many organisms including yeasts show marked fluctuations in enzyme activity and in the levels of many cell components through the cell cycle (Mitchison, 1971). What controls these fluctuations is still a matter of considerable speculation but the two main hypotheses both implicate control at the lev ...
FindTarget: software for subtractive genome analysis
... environment is a specific property of Helicobacter pylori in comparison to Haemophilus influenzae and E. coli, the resulting list (73 proteins) contains candidate factors possibly required for survival in an acid gastric environment and thus also possible drug targets. To date two complementary in s ...
... environment is a specific property of Helicobacter pylori in comparison to Haemophilus influenzae and E. coli, the resulting list (73 proteins) contains candidate factors possibly required for survival in an acid gastric environment and thus also possible drug targets. To date two complementary in s ...
DNA sequence of Exenatide to be prepared using Phosphoramidite
... Transformed cells(positive clones) cultured in nutrient media containing kanamycin in a shaking incubator to ensure growth of transformed cells only. Determination of growth of culture by measuring its Optical Density(O.D) at 600nm. At this wavelength, 1 O.D would represent 0.8*109 cells/ml. Inducti ...
... Transformed cells(positive clones) cultured in nutrient media containing kanamycin in a shaking incubator to ensure growth of transformed cells only. Determination of growth of culture by measuring its Optical Density(O.D) at 600nm. At this wavelength, 1 O.D would represent 0.8*109 cells/ml. Inducti ...
Plant and Soil 287:
... for improving plant performance: (1) With current technologies, it is far easier to modify a bacterium than complex higher organisms, (2) Several plant growth-promoting traits can be combined in a single organism, and (3) Instead of engineering crop by crop, a single, engineered inoculant can be use ...
... for improving plant performance: (1) With current technologies, it is far easier to modify a bacterium than complex higher organisms, (2) Several plant growth-promoting traits can be combined in a single organism, and (3) Instead of engineering crop by crop, a single, engineered inoculant can be use ...
Transcription
... • transfer RNA (tRNA). RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the growing polypeptide. • small nuclear RNA (snRNA). DNA transcription of the genes for mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA produces large precursor molecules ("primary transcripts") that must be processed within the nucleus to produce the functional ...
... • transfer RNA (tRNA). RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the growing polypeptide. • small nuclear RNA (snRNA). DNA transcription of the genes for mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA produces large precursor molecules ("primary transcripts") that must be processed within the nucleus to produce the functional ...
Cancer Lab p53 – Teacher Background
... the p53 tumor suppressor gene. These somatic mutations are differently encountered within the body. In some cases, differences in frequencies of mutations at a specific site may reflect an enhanced growth advantage for a tumor in a particular tissue. For example, the mutation of p53 at amino acid 17 ...
... the p53 tumor suppressor gene. These somatic mutations are differently encountered within the body. In some cases, differences in frequencies of mutations at a specific site may reflect an enhanced growth advantage for a tumor in a particular tissue. For example, the mutation of p53 at amino acid 17 ...
A Conserved Family of Nuclear Proteins Containing
... was negative. Examples of this study, which is summarized in Table 2, are shown in Figure 6. During mitotic divisions, fluorescence was always found to be associated with chromosomes (see examples in Figures 8e-6h). This indicates that the corresponding proteins containing an H/C link are associated ...
... was negative. Examples of this study, which is summarized in Table 2, are shown in Figure 6. During mitotic divisions, fluorescence was always found to be associated with chromosomes (see examples in Figures 8e-6h). This indicates that the corresponding proteins containing an H/C link are associated ...
Function
... functions associated with ribosome Have pulled out sets of ribosomal proteins on basis of phylogenetic profile Linked proteins need not be homologues nor be localized in genome ...
... functions associated with ribosome Have pulled out sets of ribosomal proteins on basis of phylogenetic profile Linked proteins need not be homologues nor be localized in genome ...
Before you begin this in-class project, you will need the following
... Before you begin this in-class project, you will need the following items which can be found at your local dollar store/craft store: Pipe cleaners Colored plastic beads ...
... Before you begin this in-class project, you will need the following items which can be found at your local dollar store/craft store: Pipe cleaners Colored plastic beads ...
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
... The early detection of cancer is very much important to give early treatments so that the probability of curing the disease increases. The pain and toxicity minimization can be given to the patient if the disease is found in the earlier stages. Screening is the method used to detect the disease in t ...
... The early detection of cancer is very much important to give early treatments so that the probability of curing the disease increases. The pain and toxicity minimization can be given to the patient if the disease is found in the earlier stages. Screening is the method used to detect the disease in t ...
classification of intra- and intermolecular forces
... CLASSIFICATION OF INTRA- AND INTERMOLECULAR FORCES (within individual molecules) (between individual molecules) -Definitions : Interaction (more general), force (push or pull), bond (the attraction between atoms in a molecule or crystalline structure)→ all intra- and intermolecular forces are electr ...
... CLASSIFICATION OF INTRA- AND INTERMOLECULAR FORCES (within individual molecules) (between individual molecules) -Definitions : Interaction (more general), force (push or pull), bond (the attraction between atoms in a molecule or crystalline structure)→ all intra- and intermolecular forces are electr ...
Conservation and co-option in developmental programmes: the
... organisms can obscure ancient orthology relationships among genes. For example, a steroid receptor gene has been discovered in the mollusc Aplysia, but no orthologues are known from the fully sequenced genomes of the invertebrates C. elegans and D. melanogaster [13]. Instead, the sequence was most s ...
... organisms can obscure ancient orthology relationships among genes. For example, a steroid receptor gene has been discovered in the mollusc Aplysia, but no orthologues are known from the fully sequenced genomes of the invertebrates C. elegans and D. melanogaster [13]. Instead, the sequence was most s ...
Conservation and co-option in developmental programmes: the
... organisms can obscure ancient orthology relationships among genes. For example, a steroid receptor gene has been discovered in the mollusc Aplysia, but no orthologues are known from the fully sequenced genomes of the invertebrates C. elegans and D. melanogaster [13]. Instead, the sequence was most s ...
... organisms can obscure ancient orthology relationships among genes. For example, a steroid receptor gene has been discovered in the mollusc Aplysia, but no orthologues are known from the fully sequenced genomes of the invertebrates C. elegans and D. melanogaster [13]. Instead, the sequence was most s ...
Additional File 1
... test, Crosstalk (Li et al, Bioinformatics, 2008 and Huttenhower et al, Genome Research, 2009), and GsNetCom from the original web tool (Wang et al, Bioinformatics, 2011) and also implemented with HumanNet. Results for matching disjoint KEGG sets and time-split GO sets are shown on the left and right ...
... test, Crosstalk (Li et al, Bioinformatics, 2008 and Huttenhower et al, Genome Research, 2009), and GsNetCom from the original web tool (Wang et al, Bioinformatics, 2011) and also implemented with HumanNet. Results for matching disjoint KEGG sets and time-split GO sets are shown on the left and right ...
Extracting and Explaining Biological Knowledge in Microarray Data
... (an example of such genes are shown in the first column in Table 2), we reclustered them using terms in the Gene Ontology (the GO:nnnnnnn labels in the right column in Table 2) into groups of similarly described genes, for example, genes that control signal transduction, or genes associated with tra ...
... (an example of such genes are shown in the first column in Table 2), we reclustered them using terms in the Gene Ontology (the GO:nnnnnnn labels in the right column in Table 2) into groups of similarly described genes, for example, genes that control signal transduction, or genes associated with tra ...
B insight review articles
... of structures and mechanisms. This information is unavailable for the vast majority of enzymes. Even if the target enzyme is well characterized, the molecular basis for the desired function may not be. With hundreds and even thousands of atoms that interact weakly with each other in an ensemble of c ...
... of structures and mechanisms. This information is unavailable for the vast majority of enzymes. Even if the target enzyme is well characterized, the molecular basis for the desired function may not be. With hundreds and even thousands of atoms that interact weakly with each other in an ensemble of c ...
Chapter 3
... h. Proteins protruding into the cell anchor supportive rods and tubules. i. Still other proteins have carbohydrates attached; these complexes are used in cell identification. Membrane proteins called cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) help determine one cell’s interactions with others. ...
... h. Proteins protruding into the cell anchor supportive rods and tubules. i. Still other proteins have carbohydrates attached; these complexes are used in cell identification. Membrane proteins called cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) help determine one cell’s interactions with others. ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.