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RNA Structure
RNA Structure

... mature RNA and that will be translated into protein so that’s the main purpose of mRNA, which is encoding the genetic information into protein. f. There is RNA that helps in the translation of RNA. There are two that are important to help the translation of mRNA. One is rRNA. XXVII. Ribosomal RNA (r ...
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Determining a Consensus Sequence Activity Key

... Look back at the sequences you compared. Place a letter beside each protein name to indicate whether it is strong (S), adequate (A) or weak (W). We now know that genes containing a weak Kozak sequence can still be translated, but additional factors are necessary for the ribosome to bind to these seq ...
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... Primary goal: Generate expression information for every gene in the array (detect global changes in whole genome transcription, under similar set of conditions). • Infer probable function of new genes (functional genomics; based on similarities in expression patterns with those of known genes). Expl ...
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... Know four types of natural catalytic RNAs (group I introns, group II introns, RNase P, small self-cleaving), what reactions they perform, know basics of their secondary and tertiary structure, requirements for cofactors/metals/proteins/ATP Know details of glmS ribozyme self-cleavage Understand use o ...
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... starting RNA sample or into the target solution prior to hybridization. Due to sensitivity concerns (i.e., absolute levels of detection for rare transcripts), we have incorporated two fundamentally different positive controls into all samples. First, a staggered set of mRNA spikes (unlabeled) was ad ...
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Protein-Protein Interactions
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... the cytoplasm or even in membranes (such as Notch). They can be activated by translocation to the nucleus where they interact with other transcription factors in order to activate gene transcription. Transport is also important for proteins that are exported from cells such as peptide hormones. Stab ...
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Determining a Consensus Sequence Activity
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... Look back at the sequences you compared. Place a letter beside each protein name to indicate whether it is strong (S), adequate (A) or weak (W). We now know that genes containing a weak Kozak sequence can still be translated, but additional factors are necessary for the ribosome to bind to these seq ...
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... All human being organisms consist of trillions of cells and each cell contains a complete copy of the genome which is encoded in DNA. A gene is a segment of DNA that specifies how to make a protein. Gene Expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is converted into an observ ...
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... 1 Initiation: With the help of transcription factors, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, pries apart the two DNA strands, and initiates mRNA synthesis at the start point on the template strand. ...
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... 18) The amphipathic property of phospholipids can be described as a A) nonpolar region facing the outside and a polar region facing the inside of a cell. B) single polar region that is miscible in aqueous solution. C) polar region that dissolves in water and a nonpolar region that repels water. D) s ...
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DNA recognition code of transcription factors

... information used in cells by specifically binding to 'regulatory' DNA sequences. Among other effects, this causes the differentiation of cells. These factors act as the final messenger in a transduction pathway of signals which come from outside the cell. Thus, gene expression can be regulated by th ...
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... of the yeast nucleus may be functioning as a nucleolus. The loose and sponge-like structure of the dense crescent may be related to the high rate of synthesis of ribosomal RNA in exponentially growing yeast. The nucleus of the yeast cell is very actively engaged in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA. Th ...
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... multiple targets and the preference is related to the binding strength to the different targets (17 – 19). Binding of the miR with its target is strongly influenced by the first 7 – 9 nucleotides at the 50 end of the miR. In mammals, the binding site in the mRNA target is frequently found in the 30 ...
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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in higher eukaryotes.The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
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