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National Foundation for Infectious Diseases
National Foundation for Infectious Diseases

... new information is available, provide consumers and health care professionals with a broad range of information including the causes, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the infections; available vaccines and therapies; who should and should not receive vaccines; and many of the symptoms and com ...
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Animal Handler Occupational Health and Safety Program
Animal Handler Occupational Health and Safety Program

... Campylobacter: This is a gram negative bacterium that has a worldwide distribution. Although most cases of human campylobacteriosis are of unknown origin, transmission is thought to occur by the fecaloral route through contamination of food or water, or by direct contact with infected fecal material ...
Guidelines for Handling Infectious Patients in the IVF Lab
Guidelines for Handling Infectious Patients in the IVF Lab

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Infectious diseases epidemiology

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Impact of migration on infectious diseases in Europe

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Emerging disease in the third epidemiological
Emerging disease in the third epidemiological

... was ‘solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short’ (Leviathan, i. xiii. 9). In actuality, Paleolithic populations appear to have been relatively healthy and well nourished. During the Neolithic, the shift to primary food production (agriculture) created the first epidemiological transition associated w ...
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Sexually transmitted infection



Sexually transmitted infections (STI), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and venereal diseases (VD), are infections that are commonly spread by sex, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex and oral sex. Most STIs initially do not cause symptoms. This results in a greater risk of passing the disease on to others. Symptoms and signs of disease may include vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals, and pelvic pain. STIs acquired before or during birth may result in poor outcomes for the baby. Some STIs may cause problems with the ability to get pregnant.More than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites can cause STIs. Bacterial STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis among others. Viral STIs include genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, and genital warts among others. Parasitic STIs include trichomoniasis among others. While usually spread by sex, some STIs can also be spread by non-sexual contact with contaminated blood and tissues, breastfeeding, or during childbirth. STI diagnostic tests are easily available in the developed world, but this is often not the case in the developing world.The most effective way of preventing STIs is by not having sex. Some vaccinations may also decrease the risk of certain infections including hepatitis B and some types of HPV. Safer sex practices such as use of condoms, having a smaller number of sexual partners, and being in a relationship where each person only has sex with the other also decreases the risk. Circumcision in males may be effective to prevent some infections. Most STIs are treatable or curable. Of the most common infections, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis are curable, while herpes, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, and HPV are treatable but not curable. Resistance to certain antibiotics is developing among some organisms such as gonorrhea.In 2008, it was estimated that 500 million people were infected with either syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia or trichomoniasis. At least an additional 530 million people have genital herpes and 290 million women have human papillomavirus. STIs other than HIV resulted in 142,000 deaths in 2013. In the United States there were 19 million new cases of sexually transmitted infections in 2010. Historical documentation of STIs date back to at least the Ebers papyrus around 1550 BC and the Old Testament. There is often shame and stigma associated with these infections. The term sexually transmitted infection is generally preferred over the terms sexually transmitted disease and venereal disease, as it includes those who do not have symptomatic disease.
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