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KVS JMO-2015 Stage-I Marking Scheme

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Problems only - Georg Mohr

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... Proof. a). Since every polynomial of degree n ∈ N has at most n distinct roots in C, to show that the set of all algebraic numbers is countable, it suffices to show that there are countably many polynomials with integer coefficients. For each k ∈ N, we consider the number of polynomials an z n + anβˆ’ ...
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... equal value because Fn + 2 = Fn + 1 + Fn. However, out of each of these pairs of partitions, one is a partition of even cardinality, whereas the other is odd, since they are different only in their first three places. Hence, these partitions will cancel each other out when we compute am using equati ...
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Law of large numbers



In probability theory, the law of large numbers (LLN) is a theorem that describes the result of performing the same experiment a large number of times. According to the law, the average of the results obtained from a large number of trials should be close to the expected value, and will tend to become closer as more trials are performed.The LLN is important because it ""guarantees"" stable long-term results for the averages of some random events. For example, while a casino may lose money in a single spin of the roulette wheel, its earnings will tend towards a predictable percentage over a large number of spins. Any winning streak by a player will eventually be overcome by the parameters of the game. It is important to remember that the LLN only applies (as the name indicates) when a large number of observations are considered. There is no principle that a small number of observations will coincide with the expected value or that a streak of one value will immediately be ""balanced"" by the others (see the gambler's fallacy)
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