Cerebellum
... one climbing fiber. Because each climbing fiber forms so many synapses with a Purkinje cell, the total excitatory action is strong. Even a single action potential in a climbing fiber elicits a burst of action potentials in the Purkinje cells it contacts (complex spike). The mossy fibers are presumab ...
... one climbing fiber. Because each climbing fiber forms so many synapses with a Purkinje cell, the total excitatory action is strong. Even a single action potential in a climbing fiber elicits a burst of action potentials in the Purkinje cells it contacts (complex spike). The mossy fibers are presumab ...
Neural Networks, Fuzzy Models and Dynamic Logic. Chapter in R
... learning complexity. An initial idea was that rules would capture the required knowledge and eliminate a need for learning. The first Chomskian ideas concerning mechanisms of language grammar related to deep structure [4] were also based on a similar idea of logical rules. Rule systems work well whe ...
... learning complexity. An initial idea was that rules would capture the required knowledge and eliminate a need for learning. The first Chomskian ideas concerning mechanisms of language grammar related to deep structure [4] were also based on a similar idea of logical rules. Rule systems work well whe ...
Neural and Computational Mechanisms of Action Processing
... underlying computations remains rather limited. This fact stands in contrast with a wide variety of speculative theories about how action recognition might work, and how it might interact with other cognitive brain functions. This review focuses on new fundamental electrophysiological results in mon ...
... underlying computations remains rather limited. This fact stands in contrast with a wide variety of speculative theories about how action recognition might work, and how it might interact with other cognitive brain functions. This review focuses on new fundamental electrophysiological results in mon ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... Now, however, there were two big red dots, one on the left and one on the right side of the desk. Whenever the experimenter made a movement, either ipsilateral or contralateral with either the left or the right hand, the hand of the experimenter would end up covering the big red dot. Children were a ...
... Now, however, there were two big red dots, one on the left and one on the right side of the desk. Whenever the experimenter made a movement, either ipsilateral or contralateral with either the left or the right hand, the hand of the experimenter would end up covering the big red dot. Children were a ...
Cohabitation: Computation at 70, Cognition at 20
... armamentarium. Imagery was indeed non-explanatory in and of itself. But an internal dynamical system that could actually generate some of our behavioral capacity (e.g., visual rotation judgments) certainly could not be denied out of hand; and if, as both brain imaging data (Kosslyn 1994) and conside ...
... armamentarium. Imagery was indeed non-explanatory in and of itself. But an internal dynamical system that could actually generate some of our behavioral capacity (e.g., visual rotation judgments) certainly could not be denied out of hand; and if, as both brain imaging data (Kosslyn 1994) and conside ...
From view cells and place cells to cognitive map learning
... This theory is opposed to a second one in which panoramas should be decomposed into objects and relations between objects matched to a learned model (model of human vision, for example Oram and Perret (1994)). These two points of view can be reconciled if we consider that several simple low-level fe ...
... This theory is opposed to a second one in which panoramas should be decomposed into objects and relations between objects matched to a learned model (model of human vision, for example Oram and Perret (1994)). These two points of view can be reconciled if we consider that several simple low-level fe ...
Abnormal Neurotransmitter Release Underlying Behavioral and
... activate receptor subtypes populations (ie D1-like receptors) with lower affinities for dopamine. On the other hand, tonic levels of dopamine release have been thought to result from local depolarization by non-dopaminergic afferents and to act mainly extra-synaptically. The resultant increases in e ...
... activate receptor subtypes populations (ie D1-like receptors) with lower affinities for dopamine. On the other hand, tonic levels of dopamine release have been thought to result from local depolarization by non-dopaminergic afferents and to act mainly extra-synaptically. The resultant increases in e ...
Multi-Scale Modeling of the Primary Visual Cortex
... Figure 4: (a) Preferred cortical state of the neuron in the middle of the plot. (b) Spike-triggered activity pattern of the same neuron. (c) Evolution of the similarity index over time and orientation preference. (d) Evolution of the similarity index over time for orientation preference −60 deg. (e ...
... Figure 4: (a) Preferred cortical state of the neuron in the middle of the plot. (b) Spike-triggered activity pattern of the same neuron. (c) Evolution of the similarity index over time and orientation preference. (d) Evolution of the similarity index over time for orientation preference −60 deg. (e ...
The Biological Perspective
... Most people think that the brain is made up entirely of neurons. They may also have heard the old saying that people use only 10 percent of their brains. Neither statement is true, however. People use every cell in the brain for something. The fact ...
... Most people think that the brain is made up entirely of neurons. They may also have heard the old saying that people use only 10 percent of their brains. Neither statement is true, however. People use every cell in the brain for something. The fact ...
The Nervous System Organization of the Nervous System
... Although PNS contains < 2% of all neural tissue, it is vital as a pathway between brain and body. Certain decisions may be made without or before entering cerebral cortex and conscious awareness. This is done via synaptic communication within brain stem and spinal cord. PNS is dominated by nerves (a ...
... Although PNS contains < 2% of all neural tissue, it is vital as a pathway between brain and body. Certain decisions may be made without or before entering cerebral cortex and conscious awareness. This is done via synaptic communication within brain stem and spinal cord. PNS is dominated by nerves (a ...
uncorrected page page page proofs
... cerebrospinal fluid that flows between them. Despite its fragile look and feel, the brain is the most complex organ in the body and perhaps the most complex natural or artificial structure in the known universe. Its remarkable complexity is largely invisible to the naked eye. You cannot see that it ...
... cerebrospinal fluid that flows between them. Despite its fragile look and feel, the brain is the most complex organ in the body and perhaps the most complex natural or artificial structure in the known universe. Its remarkable complexity is largely invisible to the naked eye. You cannot see that it ...
Synchronization and coordination of sequences in two neural
... 共Received 12 August 2004; published 21 June 2005兲 There are many types of neural networks involved in the sequential motor behavior of animals. For high species, the control and coordination of the network dynamics is a function of the higher levels of the central nervous system, in particular the c ...
... 共Received 12 August 2004; published 21 June 2005兲 There are many types of neural networks involved in the sequential motor behavior of animals. For high species, the control and coordination of the network dynamics is a function of the higher levels of the central nervous system, in particular the c ...
Operant Conditioning - Parkway C-2
... when away from the punisher Can lead to fear, anxiety, and lower selfesteem Children who are punished physically may learn to use aggression as a means to solve problems. ...
... when away from the punisher Can lead to fear, anxiety, and lower selfesteem Children who are punished physically may learn to use aggression as a means to solve problems. ...
Multisensory anatomical pathways - Centre de Recherche Cerveau
... 2008 for recent reviews) and highlight that the mechanisms for multisensory interplay are believed to include several levels of brain processing, from the thalamus to the primary sensory areas and higher stages of sensory processing. Such an increase in the diversity of the pathways by which multise ...
... 2008 for recent reviews) and highlight that the mechanisms for multisensory interplay are believed to include several levels of brain processing, from the thalamus to the primary sensory areas and higher stages of sensory processing. Such an increase in the diversity of the pathways by which multise ...
Neurology and Trauma: Impact and Implications
... stimuli (van der Kolk, 2003). The thalamus is a brain structure that receives information from the senses and determines to what other brain areas this sensory information will be sent for further processing. By making the thalamus more responsive to stimuli, cortisol helps individuals focus on dang ...
... stimuli (van der Kolk, 2003). The thalamus is a brain structure that receives information from the senses and determines to what other brain areas this sensory information will be sent for further processing. By making the thalamus more responsive to stimuli, cortisol helps individuals focus on dang ...
Handout: E-Brain Manual - Faculty Web Sites at the University of
... and structures that border the thalamus. There are many functional systems in the CNS and they often share structures. For example, the amygdala is often considered part of both the basal ganglia and limbic system. Interestingly, the basal ganglia system is in the brain, NOT in the peripheral nervou ...
... and structures that border the thalamus. There are many functional systems in the CNS and they often share structures. For example, the amygdala is often considered part of both the basal ganglia and limbic system. Interestingly, the basal ganglia system is in the brain, NOT in the peripheral nervou ...
Segregation and convergence of specialised pathways in
... descriptions of the relay of M and P signals through VI suggested a high degree of independence. Subsequent analysis of their progress through prestriate cortex gave rise to the speculation that all visual ...
... descriptions of the relay of M and P signals through VI suggested a high degree of independence. Subsequent analysis of their progress through prestriate cortex gave rise to the speculation that all visual ...
Cortical Functions Reference
... Motor function is the traditional function, and occasionally it has been reported that the primary motor cortex reacts to sensory stimulation. Nonetheless, in these cases the primary motor activation is found in addition to a more extensive pattern of activation, obviously including sensory areas; t ...
... Motor function is the traditional function, and occasionally it has been reported that the primary motor cortex reacts to sensory stimulation. Nonetheless, in these cases the primary motor activation is found in addition to a more extensive pattern of activation, obviously including sensory areas; t ...
Seizure, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression are closely
... and the induction of c-fos gene expression in the striatum of the rat. Anesthetized Wistar rats were intraperitoneally treated with 7 mg/kg 4-aminopyridine, and the transmitter levels in the striatum were measured by means of in vivo microdialysis, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 min following the treatmen ...
... and the induction of c-fos gene expression in the striatum of the rat. Anesthetized Wistar rats were intraperitoneally treated with 7 mg/kg 4-aminopyridine, and the transmitter levels in the striatum were measured by means of in vivo microdialysis, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 min following the treatmen ...
The Neurobiology of Opioid Dependence
... (levo-alpha-acetylmethadol), naltrexone, or other medPatients can ications directly offsets or reverses some of the brain benefit from changes associated with addiction, greatly enhancing understanding the effectiveness of behavioral therapies. Although that their addic researchers do not yet know ...
... (levo-alpha-acetylmethadol), naltrexone, or other medPatients can ications directly offsets or reverses some of the brain benefit from changes associated with addiction, greatly enhancing understanding the effectiveness of behavioral therapies. Although that their addic researchers do not yet know ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... Now, however, there were two big red dots, one on the left and one on the right side of the desk. Whenever the experimenter made a movement, either ipsilateral or contralateral with either the left or the right hand, the hand of the experimenter would end up covering the big red dot. Children were a ...
... Now, however, there were two big red dots, one on the left and one on the right side of the desk. Whenever the experimenter made a movement, either ipsilateral or contralateral with either the left or the right hand, the hand of the experimenter would end up covering the big red dot. Children were a ...
Leap 2 - Teacher - Teacher Enrichment Initiatives
... (equilibrium). The type of neurotransmitter activated, either inhibitory or excitatory, is dependent on the activity and the part of the brain involved. Physical activity, for example, causes release of neurotransmitters called endorphins. Endorphin release triggers feelings of well being. That is w ...
... (equilibrium). The type of neurotransmitter activated, either inhibitory or excitatory, is dependent on the activity and the part of the brain involved. Physical activity, for example, causes release of neurotransmitters called endorphins. Endorphin release triggers feelings of well being. That is w ...