accepted manuscript - Radboud Repository
... Non-invasive measuring methods such as EEG/MEG, fMRI and DTI are increasingly utilised to extract quantitative information on functional and anatomical connectivity in the human brain. These methods typically register their data in Euclidean space, so that one can refer to a particular activity patt ...
... Non-invasive measuring methods such as EEG/MEG, fMRI and DTI are increasingly utilised to extract quantitative information on functional and anatomical connectivity in the human brain. These methods typically register their data in Euclidean space, so that one can refer to a particular activity patt ...
the requirements of the neuroanatomy exam for dentistry students
... REGIONAL ANATOMY OF HEAD and NECK Students must know: 1. the skin innervation in full details, which branch of which (cranial or other) nerve, the precise course of them including related structures of the skull (till the end of semester the complete route of transmission of sensory information (inc ...
... REGIONAL ANATOMY OF HEAD and NECK Students must know: 1. the skin innervation in full details, which branch of which (cranial or other) nerve, the precise course of them including related structures of the skull (till the end of semester the complete route of transmission of sensory information (inc ...
Neural Activity and the Development of Brain Circuits
... activity. These patterns produce a cascade of events that refine initially imprecise connectivity into precise circuits. The presence of neural activity is particularly important during well-defined critical periods in early life. ...
... activity. These patterns produce a cascade of events that refine initially imprecise connectivity into precise circuits. The presence of neural activity is particularly important during well-defined critical periods in early life. ...
Chapter 3
... means that experience (nurture) shapes our nature. More specifically, chemical tags attach to the double-helix structure of DNA and different patterns of tags turn off a gene or leave it on (see Figure 3.3). The incredible fact is that whether these tags get activated or “turned on” is determined by ...
... means that experience (nurture) shapes our nature. More specifically, chemical tags attach to the double-helix structure of DNA and different patterns of tags turn off a gene or leave it on (see Figure 3.3). The incredible fact is that whether these tags get activated or “turned on” is determined by ...
Media Release
... lifetime by creating a special kind of neural network that is “pre-adapted” to face any eventuality. This emerges from a new neuroscience study published in PLOS Computational Biology. Enel et al at the INSERM in France investigate one of the most noteworthy properties of primate behavior, its diver ...
... lifetime by creating a special kind of neural network that is “pre-adapted” to face any eventuality. This emerges from a new neuroscience study published in PLOS Computational Biology. Enel et al at the INSERM in France investigate one of the most noteworthy properties of primate behavior, its diver ...
the biological perspective
... Two special types of glial cells, called oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, generate a layer of fatty substances called myelin. Oligodendrocytes produce myelin for the neurons in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system); Schwann cells produce myelin for the neurons of the body (the pe ...
... Two special types of glial cells, called oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, generate a layer of fatty substances called myelin. Oligodendrocytes produce myelin for the neurons in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system); Schwann cells produce myelin for the neurons of the body (the pe ...
... I can state that endorphins are neurotransmitters that stimulate neurons involved in reducing the intensity of pain I can state that endorphins are also connected to feelings of euphoria, appetite control and release of sex hormones I can state that endorphin production increases in response to seve ...
Central Control of Motor Function
... Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum The basal ganglia and cerebellum are large collections of nuclei that modify movement on a minute-to-minute basis. The motor cortex sends information to both, and both structures send information back via the thalamus. Output of the cerebellum is excitatory and inhibi ...
... Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum The basal ganglia and cerebellum are large collections of nuclei that modify movement on a minute-to-minute basis. The motor cortex sends information to both, and both structures send information back via the thalamus. Output of the cerebellum is excitatory and inhibi ...
26_1986 Wasilewska
... In the present study, we observed that with the increment of the volume of the St and GP, the numerical density of the cell population of these structures decreases. The presence of the negative correlation between the volume of given structure and the average numerical density of the cell populatio ...
... In the present study, we observed that with the increment of the volume of the St and GP, the numerical density of the cell population of these structures decreases. The presence of the negative correlation between the volume of given structure and the average numerical density of the cell populatio ...
Neuroscience: Science of the Brain
... billions of tiny cells. It enables us to sense the world around us, to think and to talk. The human brain is the most complex organ of the body, and arguably the most complex thing on earth. This booklet is an introduction for young students. In this booklet, we describe what we know about how the b ...
... billions of tiny cells. It enables us to sense the world around us, to think and to talk. The human brain is the most complex organ of the body, and arguably the most complex thing on earth. This booklet is an introduction for young students. In this booklet, we describe what we know about how the b ...
The evolution of brains from early mammals to humans
... and cortex to explore, but small-brained presentday mammals could also have simpler brains than their ancestors as features were lost when smaller brains sometimes evolved from ancestors with larger brains.27,28 In addition, early mammals needed to have some parts of their nervous systems develop ve ...
... and cortex to explore, but small-brained presentday mammals could also have simpler brains than their ancestors as features were lost when smaller brains sometimes evolved from ancestors with larger brains.27,28 In addition, early mammals needed to have some parts of their nervous systems develop ve ...
A Mindful Vixen: Degradation Due to Methamphetamine
... Life was good. I was the most popular neuron of the mesocorticolimbic-dopamine system in the small town of Ventral Tegmentum, Midbrain USA; home of the famous reward circuit of Stewart Evans. Stewart Evans exists because I allow him to think and function and he loves activating his reward circuit an ...
... Life was good. I was the most popular neuron of the mesocorticolimbic-dopamine system in the small town of Ventral Tegmentum, Midbrain USA; home of the famous reward circuit of Stewart Evans. Stewart Evans exists because I allow him to think and function and he loves activating his reward circuit an ...
Az alvás és ébrenlét, gondolkodás, morális és emocionális
... Lesions of the posterior hypothalamic area may cause hypersomnolence or even coma. This area contains the tuberomammillary nucleus, housing hundreds of histaminergic neurons, which project widely to the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord. Histaminergic fibers destined for the cerebral cortex. ...
... Lesions of the posterior hypothalamic area may cause hypersomnolence or even coma. This area contains the tuberomammillary nucleus, housing hundreds of histaminergic neurons, which project widely to the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord. Histaminergic fibers destined for the cerebral cortex. ...
doc Lecuter and chapter notes
... the longer asymmetrical division lasts, the farther new neuronal cells have to travel, meaning the process gets exponentially slower once developing neurons reach their designated location, they begin to form connections with surrounding cells, determining which cells they connect to based on the ch ...
... the longer asymmetrical division lasts, the farther new neuronal cells have to travel, meaning the process gets exponentially slower once developing neurons reach their designated location, they begin to form connections with surrounding cells, determining which cells they connect to based on the ch ...
NEURO PresentationWORKING students B
... Predictive and Timing Function of the Cerebellum • motion is a series of discrete sequential movement • the planning and timing of sequential movements is the function of the lateral cerebellar hemisphere • this area communicates with premotor and sensory cortex and corresponding area of the basal ...
... Predictive and Timing Function of the Cerebellum • motion is a series of discrete sequential movement • the planning and timing of sequential movements is the function of the lateral cerebellar hemisphere • this area communicates with premotor and sensory cortex and corresponding area of the basal ...
Coherence a measure of the brain networks: past and present
... connectivity network types that are used to investigate communication within and across the brain. These network connection types are categorized as Structural, Functional and Effective [15, 19, 40]. Within these categories several different imaging hardware equipment and software programs are used ...
... connectivity network types that are used to investigate communication within and across the brain. These network connection types are categorized as Structural, Functional and Effective [15, 19, 40]. Within these categories several different imaging hardware equipment and software programs are used ...
The plasticity of human maternal brain: longitudinal changes in brain anatomy during the early postpartum period
... matter volumes in large regions of the prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe, and midbrain were found. Furthermore, a mother’s positive thoughts on her baby at the first month postpartum predicted gray matter volume increase from the first month to 3– 4 months postpartum. This postpartum period marks a c ...
... matter volumes in large regions of the prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe, and midbrain were found. Furthermore, a mother’s positive thoughts on her baby at the first month postpartum predicted gray matter volume increase from the first month to 3– 4 months postpartum. This postpartum period marks a c ...
Microsoft Word 97 - 2003 Document
... Heterotrophic organisms with complex, multicellular bodies are usually adapted for moving about or changing locations. This increases their chances of obtaining organic nutrients and satisfying other needs. Organisms which move about, ourselves included, have many of their internal conditions regula ...
... Heterotrophic organisms with complex, multicellular bodies are usually adapted for moving about or changing locations. This increases their chances of obtaining organic nutrients and satisfying other needs. Organisms which move about, ourselves included, have many of their internal conditions regula ...
Lissencephaly - Cambridge University Press
... could not be differentiated from the as yet unmyelinated centrum semiovale and it was impossible to discern the internal architecture of the central nuclei. The ventricles were slightly enlarged. Horizontal sections of the brainstem and cerebellum showed poor myelination. Microscopic examination sho ...
... could not be differentiated from the as yet unmyelinated centrum semiovale and it was impossible to discern the internal architecture of the central nuclei. The ventricles were slightly enlarged. Horizontal sections of the brainstem and cerebellum showed poor myelination. Microscopic examination sho ...
LPN Nervous System 2017
... Dumbbell-shaped mass of gray matter extending toward each cerebral hemisphere Relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex sensory areas In some way produces the emotions of pleasantness or unpleasantness associated with sensations ...
... Dumbbell-shaped mass of gray matter extending toward each cerebral hemisphere Relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex sensory areas In some way produces the emotions of pleasantness or unpleasantness associated with sensations ...
The Biology
... The nervous system is divided into the [a] _______________—composed of the brain and the spinal cord—and the peripheral nervous system. The [b] _______________ is a bundle of nerves that descend from the brain. The main purpose of the spinal cord is as a pathway for communication between the brain a ...
... The nervous system is divided into the [a] _______________—composed of the brain and the spinal cord—and the peripheral nervous system. The [b] _______________ is a bundle of nerves that descend from the brain. The main purpose of the spinal cord is as a pathway for communication between the brain a ...
Neuroscience: the Science of the Brain
... billions of tiny cells. It enables us to sense the world around us, to think and to talk. The human brain is the most complex organ of the body, and arguably the most complex thing on earth. This booklet is an introduction for young students. In this booklet, we describe what we know about how the b ...
... billions of tiny cells. It enables us to sense the world around us, to think and to talk. The human brain is the most complex organ of the body, and arguably the most complex thing on earth. This booklet is an introduction for young students. In this booklet, we describe what we know about how the b ...
Brain Evolution Relevant to Language
... structures including the basal ganglia (Figure 1) and internal capsule (which is composed mostly of white matter fibers connecting cortex to deep cortical nuclei and lower areas of the brain) have been shown to produce symptoms similar to Broca’s aphasia (Lieberman 2000). These structures also appea ...
... structures including the basal ganglia (Figure 1) and internal capsule (which is composed mostly of white matter fibers connecting cortex to deep cortical nuclei and lower areas of the brain) have been shown to produce symptoms similar to Broca’s aphasia (Lieberman 2000). These structures also appea ...
Bioinspired Computing Lecture 5
... over a population of neurons. Population coding schemes, in which many neurons represent the same information, would therefore be the norm in those networks. Experiments on various brain systems find either coding systems, and in some cases, combinations of temporal and rate coding are found. lectur ...
... over a population of neurons. Population coding schemes, in which many neurons represent the same information, would therefore be the norm in those networks. Experiments on various brain systems find either coding systems, and in some cases, combinations of temporal and rate coding are found. lectur ...
Nervous System - IHMC Public Cmaps
... because in such case there will be no coordination between different body functions and they will all act separately. Nervous system not only controls the voluntary functions of human body that are directed by human will, but it also controls those functions that are below the level of consciousness ...
... because in such case there will be no coordination between different body functions and they will all act separately. Nervous system not only controls the voluntary functions of human body that are directed by human will, but it also controls those functions that are below the level of consciousness ...
Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.