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5.2.7 Specialities
5.2.7 Specialities

... complex dielectric function and thus also the complex index of refraction. All we need to do to cover all the effects of electric and magnetic fields on optics is to include the forces on the electron they add in addition to the force produced by the electric field of the light wave. The equation ab ...
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... Part H Finally we are ready to show that the electric and magnetic fields given in the introduction describe an electromagnetic wave propagating at the speed of light. If the electric and magnetic fields are to be self-consistent, they must obey all of Maxwell's equations. Using one of Maxwell's eq ...
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Electric and magnetic field variations arising from the seismic dynamo... for aftershocks of the M7.1 earthquake of 26 May 2003

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... What is observed when unlike poles of magnets are placed near each other? Unlike or opposite poles (north pole and south pole) are magnetically attracted to each other. Compass – A compass is a tool that uses a magnetic needle to indicate direction on the Earth’s surface by pointing toward the north ...
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... If you go camping, chances are there won’t be any street signs to help direct you! That’s why you need a compass to help you find your way using the power of electromagnetic force. What is electromagnetic force? Electromagnetic force is the interaction responsible for almost everything in daily life ...
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Electromagnetism

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Ferrofluid



A ferrofluid (portmanteau of ferromagnetic and fluid) is a liquid that becomes strongly magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field.Ferrofluid was invented in 1963 by NASA's Steve Papell as a liquid rocket fuel that could be drawn toward a pump inlet in a weightless environment by applying a magnetic field.Ferrofluids are colloidal liquids made of nanoscale ferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic, particles suspended in a carrier fluid (usually an organic solvent or water). Each tiny particle is thoroughly coated with a surfactant to inhibit clumping. Large ferromagnetic particles can be ripped out of the homogeneous colloidal mixture, forming a separate clump of magnetic dust when exposed to strong magnetic fields. The magnetic attraction of nanoparticles is weak enough that the surfactant's Van der Waals force is sufficient to prevent magnetic clumping or agglomeration. Ferrofluids usually do not retain magnetization in the absence of an externally applied field and thus are often classified as ""superparamagnets"" rather than ferromagnets.The difference between ferrofluids and magnetorheological fluids (MR fluids) is the size of the particles. The particles in a ferrofluid primarily consist of nanoparticles which are suspended by Brownian motion and generally will not settle under normal conditions. MR fluid particles primarily consist of micrometre-scale particles which are too heavy for Brownian motion to keep them suspended, and thus will settle over time because of the inherent density difference between the particle and its carrier fluid. These two fluids have very different applications as a result.
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