Policy Studies Intentional Explanation of the State`s Actions
... by sensory experiences of human being. More specifically, it is based on recorded experiences methodically collected by scientists. More importantly, these recorded experiences will then be set against their respective propositions to see whether they correspond each other. And it is through this op ...
... by sensory experiences of human being. More specifically, it is based on recorded experiences methodically collected by scientists. More importantly, these recorded experiences will then be set against their respective propositions to see whether they correspond each other. And it is through this op ...
Policy network structures, institutional context, and policy change
... Policy networks are a tool to capture essential elements of modern political decision-making. First, owing to several inter-related developments, the classical boundaries between the different functions of state and private actors have become "fluent and irrelevant" over time (Laumann and Knoke 1987 ...
... Policy networks are a tool to capture essential elements of modern political decision-making. First, owing to several inter-related developments, the classical boundaries between the different functions of state and private actors have become "fluent and irrelevant" over time (Laumann and Knoke 1987 ...
Policy Process Research for Democracy
... results settle like sedimentation through long-term cognitive updating and “learning”, as articulated years ago by Carol Weiss and her idea of “policy creep” (Weiss, 1980). The problem is that we do not know if practitioners are reading the policy implications or some other part of the study. (2) If ...
... results settle like sedimentation through long-term cognitive updating and “learning”, as articulated years ago by Carol Weiss and her idea of “policy creep” (Weiss, 1980). The problem is that we do not know if practitioners are reading the policy implications or some other part of the study. (2) If ...
From Muddling Through to Muddling Up: Evidence Based Policy
... This is the central underlying assumption of EBPM: that , contrary to Schön's argument, there is indeed a firm high ground in the policy swamp, and the task is to 'map it out and occupy it'. The swamp idea is what Schön himself would have described as a 'generative metaphor' (Schön, 1979) since EBP ...
... This is the central underlying assumption of EBPM: that , contrary to Schön's argument, there is indeed a firm high ground in the policy swamp, and the task is to 'map it out and occupy it'. The swamp idea is what Schön himself would have described as a 'generative metaphor' (Schön, 1979) since EBP ...
Scorched earth
A scorched earth policy is a military strategy that involves destroying anything that might be useful to the enemy while advancing through or withdrawing from an area. It is a military strategy where all of the assets that are used or can be used by the enemy are targeted, such as food sources, transportation, communications, industrial resources, and even the people in the area. The practice can be carried out by the military in enemy territory, or in its own home territory. It may overlap with, but is not the same as, punitive destruction of the enemy's resources, which is done for purely strategic/political reasons rather than strategic/operational reasons.Scorched earth policy was famously used by Joseph Stalin against the German Army's invasion of the Soviet Union in the Second World War, by William Tecumseh Sherman during his March to the Sea in the American Civil War, by Lord Kitchener against the Boers, and by the Russian army during the failed Napoleonic invasion of Russia.The strategy of destroying the food and water supply of the civilian population in an area of conflict has been banned under Article 54 of Protocol I of the 1977 Geneva Conventions. The relevant passage says:It is prohibited to attack, destroy, remove, or render useless objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population, such as foodstuffs, agricultural areas for the production of foodstuffs, crops, livestock, drinking water installations and supplies, and irrigation works, for the specific purpose of denying them for their sustenance value to the civilian population or to the adverse Party, whatever the motive, whether in order to starve out civilians, to cause them to move away, or for any other motive.