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experiment 18: flame tests for metals
experiment 18: flame tests for metals

... directly to fundamental concepts taught in basic chemistry classes. The media resources featured in this lesson provide a visually rich way to tie together spectral chemistry, combustion, and the nature of fire. Students watch a video segment and read text about the color of fireworks (particularly ...
Exam 2
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... unsimpliÞed answers will not be given full marks. • show all working in your answers to numerical questions. No credit will be given for an incorrect answer unless it is accompanied by details of the working. • make sure chemical equations are balanced and that the formulas for individual substances ...
Electromagnetic cascade in high energy electron, positron, and
Electromagnetic cascade in high energy electron, positron, and

... The processes typical for High Intensity Particle Physics [1], i.e., the interactions of charged particles with strong electromagnetic fields [2], have attracted considerable interest recently. This interest is due to the rapid growth of the maximum achievable laser intensity at many existing, const ...
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... moles to gain the molar ratios for each element in the compound. These are the formula subscripts. (X2Y3 etc…) Subscript for C ...
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atomic theory and the periodic table
atomic theory and the periodic table

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Hydrogenic Rydberg atoms in strong magnetic fields: Theoretical

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... for 1 min.10 Ensemble photoluminescence 共PL兲 experiments show that the annealing step produces a bimodal distribution of dots: there are two dominant PL bands, one centered at 1.31 eV 共the red band兲 and one at 1.34 eV 共the blue band兲. A bimodal QD distribution has been observed before, notably in th ...
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Redox Reactions - hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca
Redox Reactions - hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca

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X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy



X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique that measures the elemental composition at the parts per thousand range, empirical formula, chemical state and electronic state of the elements that exist within a material. XPS spectra are obtained by irradiating a material with a beam of X-rays while simultaneously measuring the kinetic energy and number of electrons that escape from the top 0 to 10 nm of the material being analyzed. XPS requires high vacuum (P ~ 10−8 millibar) or ultra-high vacuum (UHV; P < 10−9 millibar) conditions, although a current area of development is ambient-pressure XPS, in which samples are analyzed at pressures of a few tens of millibar.XPS is a surface chemical analysis technique that can be used to analyze the surface chemistry of a material in its as-received state, or after some treatment, for example: fracturing, cutting or scraping in air or UHV to expose the bulk chemistry, ion beam etching to clean off some or all of the surface contamination (with mild ion etching) or to intentionally expose deeper layers of the sample (with more extensive ion etching) in depth-profiling XPS, exposure to heat to study the changes due to heating, exposure to reactive gases or solutions, exposure to ion beam implant, exposure to ultraviolet light.XPS is also known as ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis), an abbreviation introduced by Kai Siegbahn's research group to emphasize the chemical (rather than merely elemental) information that the technique provides.In principle XPS detects all elements. In practice, using typical laboratory-scale X-ray sources, XPS detects all elements with an atomic number (Z) of 3 (lithium) and above. It cannot easily detect hydrogen (Z = 1) or helium (Z = 2).Detection limits for most of the elements (on a modern instrument) are in the parts per thousand range. Detection limits of parts per million (ppm) are possible, but require special conditions: concentration at top surface or very long collection time (overnight).XPS is routinely used to analyze inorganic compounds, metal alloys, semiconductors, polymers, elements, catalysts, glasses, ceramics, paints, papers, inks, woods, plant parts, make-up, teeth, bones, medical implants, bio-materials, viscous oils, glues, ion-modified materials and many others.XPS is less routinely used to analyze the hydrated forms of some of the above materials by freezing the samples in their hydrated state in an ultra pure environment, and allowing or causing multilayers of ice to sublime away prior to analysis. Such hydrated XPS analysis allows hydrated sample structures, which may be different from vacuum-dehydrated sample structures, to be studied in their more relevant as-used hydrated structure. Many bio-materials such as hydrogels are examples of such samples.
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