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Money as Simulacrum: The Legal Nature and
Money as Simulacrum: The Legal Nature and

... Of the various functions of money recognized by economists, the courts have heretofore been concerned with only three: 1) money as a medium of exchange; 2) money as a measure of value or more accurately phrased perhaps, as a common denominator of value; and 3) money as a medium of discharge or satis ...
No. 327 Renovatio Monetae: Gesell Taxes in Practice
No. 327 Renovatio Monetae: Gesell Taxes in Practice

... in addition to competing with foreign coin issuers, the monetary authority competes with its own older issues. To limit the circulation of illegal coins, the monetary authorities penalized the usage of invalid coins. Furthermore, fees, rents and fines had to be paid with current coins; see Haupt (1 ...
Four Law Drafts - the Monetary Freedom Handbook workbench!
Four Law Drafts - the Monetary Freedom Handbook workbench!

... be the right thing in the middle of a crisis. With this he understands at least more on this than all bankers and professors taken together for these are continuously demanding a deterioration of money. What Bruening does not know is the following: Legal Tender, i.e. forced value and forced circulat ...
Audience insight segmentation ITT
Audience insight segmentation ITT

... The first stage will involve a project inception meeting between the Arts Council and the appointed agency to agree the project objectives and to finalise the process and timetable. At this stage the agency is required to become familiar with the background to the audience segmentation and its use b ...
it here
it here

... Banknotes and Coins of the Republic of Latvia". The Council of Ministers and the Bank of Latvia were assigned the task of developing a programme for producing the new paper banknotes and coins, as well as ensuring its financing. The Commission for the Thematic Concept of the Banknotes and Coins of t ...
Anchors Aweigh: The Transition from Commodity Money to Fiat
Anchors Aweigh: The Transition from Commodity Money to Fiat

... Textbook versions of a commodity money system model a world in which both the medium of exchange and the unit of account are (for example) lumps of gold (see, e.g., McCandless and Wallace 1991). Prices and debts are denominated in lumps of gold and are paid off in the same. It could be that some age ...
Opinion on limitations of cash payments (CON/2017/27)
Opinion on limitations of cash payments (CON/2017/27)

... limitation is proportionate, the adverse impact of the limitation in question should always be considered, as well as whether alternative measures could be adopted that would fulfil the relevant objective and have a less adverse impact13. Cashless means of payments that provide similar advantages as ...
Turkmenistan - World Bank Group
Turkmenistan - World Bank Group

... finalization of their results;  Determining the winner, or making a decision on the tender results ...
PODMÍNKY VÝBĚROVÉHO ŘÍZENÍ
PODMÍNKY VÝBĚROVÉHO ŘÍZENÍ

RATIONALISATION OF THE CEDI BY DROPPING OFF ZEROS
RATIONALISATION OF THE CEDI BY DROPPING OFF ZEROS

... • Both the old and new cedi banknotes and coins would be in physical circulation for a period of 6 months. • However, after the 6 month transition period, old notes and coins would only be exchanged at the Bank of Ghana and any ...
1

Legal tender

Legal tender is a medium of payment recognized by a legal system to be valid for meeting a financial obligation. Paper currency and coins are common forms of legal tender in many countries. Legal tender is variously defined in different jurisdictions. Formally, it is anything which when offered in payment extinguishes the debt. Thus, personal cheques, credit cards, debit cards, and similar non-cash methods of payment are not usually legal tender. The law does not relieve the debt obligation until payment is tendered. Coins and banknotes are usually defined as legal tender. Some jurisdictions may forbid or restrict payment made other than by legal tender. For example, such a law might outlaw the use of foreign coins and bank notes or require a license to perform financial transactions in a foreign currency.In some jurisdictions legal tender can be refused as payment if no debt exists prior to the time of payment (where the obligation to pay may arise at the same time as the offer of payment). For example, vending machines and transport staff do not have to accept the largest denomination of banknote. Shopkeepers may reject large banknotes: this is covered by the legal concept known as invitation to treat. However, restaurants that do not collect payment until after a meal is served must accept any legal tender for the debt incurred in purchasing the meal.The right, in many jurisdictions, of a trader to refuse to do business with any person, means a purchaser may not insist on making a purchase and so declaring a legal tender in law, as anything other than an offered payment for debts already incurred would not be effective.
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