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543.7 Earthing with high protective conductor currents
543.7 Earthing with high protective conductor currents

... pose a problem at the earth bar of the distribution board, i.e. there may not be an adequate number of spare ways to terminate conductors separately. Some large distribution boards may be provided with many spare terminals on the earth bar, whilst some manufacturers may supply an accessory kit to ad ...
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... (1) For minimum noise generation it is recommended that the nCEXT pins (6, 14) are connected to ground externally to the GND pin (8). ...
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... Do not touch any electronic components or contacts. This drive contains electrostatically sensitive components, which can easily be damaged by inappropriate handling. Static control precautions must be adhered to during installation, testing, service and repair of this drive and associated options. ...
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... CMOS technology to reduce the supply voltage levels and consequently the threshold voltages (in order to maintain peak performance) is resulting in the fact that a substantial portion of the overall power dissipation will be due to leakage currents [3, 10]. This makes the adaptive body biasing appro ...
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... The severity of shock depends on the amount of current flowing through the body, the path it takes and the time for which it flows. The amount of current flowing increases as the applied voltage increases, and decreases as circuit resistance increases. Thus, in identical circumstances, a worse shock ...
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Operational amplifier



An operational amplifier (""op-amp"") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals.Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog computers, where they were used to do mathematical operations in many linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits. The popularity of the op-amp as a building block in analog circuits is due to its versatility. Due to negative feedback, the characteristics of an op-amp circuit, its gain, input and output impedance, bandwidth etc. are determined by external components and have little dependence on temperature coefficients or manufacturing variations in the op-amp itself.Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. Many standard IC op-amps cost only a few cents in moderate production volume; however some integrated or hybrid operational amplifiers with special performance specifications may cost over $100 US in small quantities. Op-amps may be packaged as components, or used as elements of more complex integrated circuits.The op-amp is one type of differential amplifier. Other types of differential amplifier include the fully differential amplifier (similar to the op-amp, but with two outputs), the instrumentation amplifier (usually built from three op-amps), the isolation amplifier (similar to the instrumentation amplifier, but with tolerance to common-mode voltages that would destroy an ordinary op-amp), and negative feedback amplifier (usually built from one or more op-amps and a resistive feedback network).
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