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Clock Generator 8284A
Clock Generator 8284A

hmc424lp3 product note
hmc424lp3 product note

... frequency limit imposed by the on-chip-capacitors used for RF grounding. Therefore a negative biased attenuator is preferred in applications requiring operation to very low frequency. In order to switch between attenuation states, the user must apply negative control voltages to the control input pi ...
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Design of RC Snubbers for Phase Control

... Semiconductor devices are known to be very powerful in controlling high currents and voltages. Nevertheless, they are very susceptible to violations of the safe-operating conditions which may lead to their failure. When a phase control device has to turn off its current under inductive load conditio ...
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... A MPPT is normally operated with the use of a dc-dc converter (step up or step down). The DC/DC converter is responsible for transferring maximum power from the solar PV module to the load. The simplest way of implementing an MPPT is to operate a PV array under constant voltage and power reference t ...
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... and electrolytic capacitors should not block the air flow to the low profile, surface mount semiconductor components such as power MOSFETs, PWM controller, etc. To prevent the switching noise from upsetting other analog signals in the system, avoid routing sensitive signal traces underneath the supp ...
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... RSET and GND is used to set the MLED and SLED full-scale current level. Connecting a resistor 10k or less will cause the LTC3230 to enter overcurrent shutdown. ENS, ENM (Pins 5, 11): SLED and MLED Enable and Output Control. The ENS and ENM pins are used to program the LED output currents. Pulse the ...
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... with a 16 – bit ADC. The digital samples are converted by a parallel to serial converter to generate a serial PCM signal. This PCM signal is frequency modulated with FSK modulator with 1200Hz as 1 and 960Hz as 0. The minimum band allocation required for faithful reproduction of the signal by the FSK ...
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... Figure 7 shows an equivalent circuit of the analog input structure of the AD7810. The two diodes, D1 and D2, provide ESD protection for the analog inputs. Care must be taken to ensure that the analog input signal never exceeds the supply rails by more than 200 mV. This will cause these diodes to bec ...
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... The key waveforms and operating states of the reverse direction mode are shown in Fig. 7 and 8, respectively. The operating switching frequency is higher than the series resonant peak fsr in this case. In a half switching cycle, the operation of the LLC resonant converter for reverse direction mode ...
Aalborg Universitet current feedback
Aalborg Universitet current feedback

Electronic Instruments
Electronic Instruments

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Operational amplifier



An operational amplifier (""op-amp"") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals.Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog computers, where they were used to do mathematical operations in many linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits. The popularity of the op-amp as a building block in analog circuits is due to its versatility. Due to negative feedback, the characteristics of an op-amp circuit, its gain, input and output impedance, bandwidth etc. are determined by external components and have little dependence on temperature coefficients or manufacturing variations in the op-amp itself.Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. Many standard IC op-amps cost only a few cents in moderate production volume; however some integrated or hybrid operational amplifiers with special performance specifications may cost over $100 US in small quantities. Op-amps may be packaged as components, or used as elements of more complex integrated circuits.The op-amp is one type of differential amplifier. Other types of differential amplifier include the fully differential amplifier (similar to the op-amp, but with two outputs), the instrumentation amplifier (usually built from three op-amps), the isolation amplifier (similar to the instrumentation amplifier, but with tolerance to common-mode voltages that would destroy an ordinary op-amp), and negative feedback amplifier (usually built from one or more op-amps and a resistive feedback network).
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