The geological column is a general Flood order with many exceptions
... Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata can form large sheets
much of the rock, but the most resistant rocks would have
over extensive areas such as the Great Plains, but they
been carried far from their source and deposited as a lag
are generally broken and tilted in the mountains in the
or as basin fill. Th ...
Flood13
... Characteristic features of Flood Basalts:
Flood basalt provinces occur both as 1 – 5 km thick sequences of effusive basalts on continents and as
plateau of anomalously thick oceanic crust (20 – 40 km) capped by 5 – 10 km of basaltic lavas
(oceanic plateau).
Flood basalt provinces are characterized ...
History of flooding in Canada
The history of flooding in Canada includes floods caused by snowmelt runoff or freshet flooding, storm-rainfall and ""flash flooding"", ice jams during ice formation and spring break-up, natural dams, coastal flooding on ocean or lake coasts from storm surges, hurricanes and tsunamis. Urban flooding can be caused by stormwater runoff, riverine flooding and structural failure when engineered flood management structures, including dams and levees, prove inadequate to manage the quantities and force of flood waters. Floods can also occur when groundwater levels rise entering buildings cracks in foundation, floors and basements.(Sandink & 2010 7). Flooding is part of the natural environmental process. Flooding used to be more frequent in spring, but take place in summer with flash floods from heavy rainfall. Flood events have had a significant effect on various regions of the country. Flooding is the costliest natural disaster for Canadians. Most home insurance claims in Canada deal with water damage, not fire.Floods occur five times as often as wildfires, the second most frequent natural hazard in Canada.(Sandink & 2010 6) Between 1900 and 2005 there were 241 flood disasters in Canada.(Sandink & 2010 6)The 1894 Fraser River flood had a return period of slightly more than 500 years and the 1948 flood was close to a 200-year event.(NHC & 2008 21) The 1997 Red River flood was named the 'flood of the century'. The International Joint Commission (IJC)'s 1998 report warned that although the 1997 Red River flood had a ""return interval ranging from 100 to 500 years, depending on the location"", there was a ""statistical probability of a similar flood each year."" The 2011 Assiniboine River Flood was estimated to have a return interval of 300 years.The Calgary flood had a return interval ranging from 70 to 100 years. A 100-year flood has a 1-percent annual exceedance probability (AEP) flood. with a flow of the Bow River in Calgary measured at c.1,740 m3/s (61,000 cu ft/s) when the flood reached its peak level on June 21, 2013.
