A Hierarchical Approach to Computer-Aided Design of
... is very difficult in such basic formulation and therefore several special methods have been and are being developed, especially in the last 5 years. Probabilistic calculations based on this representation are used in only very small quantum computers so far (most with 3 bits), but it was verified th ...
... is very difficult in such basic formulation and therefore several special methods have been and are being developed, especially in the last 5 years. Probabilistic calculations based on this representation are used in only very small quantum computers so far (most with 3 bits), but it was verified th ...
A Study of Topological Quantum Error Correcting Codes Part I: From
... We will not use the details of this evolution here, except to note that the evolution is necessarily linear and unitary. That is, a system in state |ψi can only evolve to states U |ψi, where U is a linear unitary operator: U † U = I. Unitarity can be derived from the Schrödinger equation, but also f ...
... We will not use the details of this evolution here, except to note that the evolution is necessarily linear and unitary. That is, a system in state |ψi can only evolve to states U |ψi, where U is a linear unitary operator: U † U = I. Unitarity can be derived from the Schrödinger equation, but also f ...
Quantum energy gaps and first-order mean-field transitions
... transition the two states whose free energies cross are generally far from each other in the phase space; quantum tunneling must be inefficient. To make this argument more precise, one can consider the energy gap 6 between the two lowest energy states using the standard implementation [2] for quantu ...
... transition the two states whose free energies cross are generally far from each other in the phase space; quantum tunneling must be inefficient. To make this argument more precise, one can consider the energy gap 6 between the two lowest energy states using the standard implementation [2] for quantu ...
Quantum Information Technology based on Single Electron Dynamics
... spin before the measurement, tunneling from one dot to the other is allowed, if the two electron spins can make a spin pair (spin singlet state). This spin-dependent tunneling could be measured with an RF-SET in a short time. ...
... spin before the measurement, tunneling from one dot to the other is allowed, if the two electron spins can make a spin pair (spin singlet state). This spin-dependent tunneling could be measured with an RF-SET in a short time. ...
Identity in Physics: Statistics and the (Non
... Two important remarks must be added, however. First, Muller, Saunders and Seevinck claim that weakly discernible objects are not individuals but ‘relationals’, which entails that PII still doesn’t ground individuality in the quantum case. However, the distinction between individuals and relationals ...
... Two important remarks must be added, however. First, Muller, Saunders and Seevinck claim that weakly discernible objects are not individuals but ‘relationals’, which entails that PII still doesn’t ground individuality in the quantum case. However, the distinction between individuals and relationals ...
The quantum phases of matter
... communications at the company, says that LS Cable will use the wire to make about 20 circuit kilometres of cable as part of a programme to modernize the South Korean electricity network starting in the capital, Seoul. The superconducting wire is made using the ceramic compound yttrium barium copper ...
... communications at the company, says that LS Cable will use the wire to make about 20 circuit kilometres of cable as part of a programme to modernize the South Korean electricity network starting in the capital, Seoul. The superconducting wire is made using the ceramic compound yttrium barium copper ...
EJP_NewCurr_Kohnle - St Andrews Research Repository
... The resources are aimed at students in their first year of a physics degree at a UK university, and more widely at all students studying introductory quantum mechanics and instructors teaching at this level. Given its flexibility, the resource can also support students studying more advanced quantu ...
... The resources are aimed at students in their first year of a physics degree at a UK university, and more widely at all students studying introductory quantum mechanics and instructors teaching at this level. Given its flexibility, the resource can also support students studying more advanced quantu ...
Field extension of real values of physical observables in classical
... pairs of real numbers, and measure them separately. More generally, one can measure quantities which are expressible as an array of real numbers. This is alright in classical mechanics. However, one must remember, as already noted by Dirac [22], that measuring an “observable” with complex ...
... pairs of real numbers, and measure them separately. More generally, one can measure quantities which are expressible as an array of real numbers. This is alright in classical mechanics. However, one must remember, as already noted by Dirac [22], that measuring an “observable” with complex ...
Fundamental quantum limit in Mach
... physics. For example a lot of discussions in the scientific literature was done, dedicated to improve gravitational radiation using Quantum Mechanical interferometry [1,2]. Much work has been done on reduction of the quantum noise by using input light prepared in non-classical states [3–9]. Because ...
... physics. For example a lot of discussions in the scientific literature was done, dedicated to improve gravitational radiation using Quantum Mechanical interferometry [1,2]. Much work has been done on reduction of the quantum noise by using input light prepared in non-classical states [3–9]. Because ...
From Quantum mechanics to nanoparticles and their applications
... and hydrogen atoms. We have also learned about some quantum-mechanical phenomena like light emission and tunneling. However, realistic quantum mechanical systems consist of many atoms or molecules, and we are not able to investigate those systems by exact mathematical formulae. In general, even when ...
... and hydrogen atoms. We have also learned about some quantum-mechanical phenomena like light emission and tunneling. However, realistic quantum mechanical systems consist of many atoms or molecules, and we are not able to investigate those systems by exact mathematical formulae. In general, even when ...
Experimental Test of Local Hidden
... of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report No. UCRL-17587, 1967 (unpublished). The counter efficiencies are given by I7; = (II, /4w}T; &&)L], where 0; is the solid angle, T; is the transmission of the filter, &; is the quantum efficiency, and L& accounts for other losses. The measu ...
... of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report No. UCRL-17587, 1967 (unpublished). The counter efficiencies are given by I7; = (II, /4w}T; &&)L], where 0; is the solid angle, T; is the transmission of the filter, &; is the quantum efficiency, and L& accounts for other losses. The measu ...
Quantum computing
Quantum computing studies theoretical computation systems (quantum computers) that make direct use of quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. Quantum computers are different from digital computers based on transistors. Whereas digital computers require data to be encoded into binary digits (bits), each of which is always in one of two definite states (0 or 1), quantum computation uses quantum bits (qubits), which can be in superpositions of states. A quantum Turing machine is a theoretical model of such a computer, and is also known as the universal quantum computer. Quantum computers share theoretical similarities with non-deterministic and probabilistic computers. The field of quantum computing was initiated by the work of Yuri Manin in 1980, Richard Feynman in 1982, and David Deutsch in 1985. A quantum computer with spins as quantum bits was also formulated for use as a quantum space–time in 1968.As of 2015, the development of actual quantum computers is still in its infancy, but experiments have been carried out in which quantum computational operations were executed on a very small number of quantum bits. Both practical and theoretical research continues, and many national governments and military agencies are funding quantum computing research in an effort to develop quantum computers for civilian, business, trade, and national security purposes, such as cryptanalysis.Large-scale quantum computers will be able to solve certain problems much more quickly than any classical computers that use even the best currently known algorithms, like integer factorization using Shor's algorithm or the simulation of quantum many-body systems. There exist quantum algorithms, such as Simon's algorithm, that run faster than any possible probabilistic classical algorithm.Given sufficient computational resources, however, a classical computer could be made to simulate any quantum algorithm, as quantum computation does not violate the Church–Turing thesis.