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Database Processing
Database Processing

... The Relational Model  E.F. Codd introduced the relational model in 1970  DB2 from IBM is the first DBMS product based on the relational model  Other DBMS based on the relational model were developed in the late 1980s  Today, DB2, Oracle, and SQL Server are the most prominent commercial DBMS pro ...
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...  If we were to delete out trainer 42’s data from the database, the clients associated with 42 would now be orphan records (not linked to any trainer)  To avoid this problem: 1) avoid such a deletion 2) cascade the delete, allow the deletion but automatically delete related records (ie. clients)  ...
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... Natural language, e.g. English, can express almost all queries Computer programming languages, e.g. Java, • can express computable queries • however algorithms to answer the query is needed Structured Query Language (SQL) • can express common data intensive queries • not suitable for recursive queri ...
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Open Database Connectivity

In computing, ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) is a standard programming language middleware API for accessing database management systems (DBMS). The designers of ODBC aimed to make it independent of database systems and operating systems. An application written using ODBC can be ported to other platforms, both on the client and server side, with few changes to the data access code.ODBC accomplishes DBMS independence by using an ODBC driver as a translation layer between the application and the DBMS. The application uses ODBC functions through an ODBC driver manager with which it is linked, and the driver passes the query to the DBMS. An ODBC driver can be thought of as analogous to a printer driver or other driver, providing a standard set of functions for the application to use, and implementing DBMS-specific functionality. An application that can use ODBC is referred to as ""ODBC-compliant"". Any ODBC-compliant application can access any DBMS for which a driver is installed. Drivers exist for all major DBMSs, many other data sources like address book systems and Microsoft Excel, and even for text or CSV files.ODBC was originally developed by Microsoft during the early 1990s, and became the basis for the Call Level Interface (CLI) standardized by SQL Access Group in the Unix and mainframe world. ODBC retained a number of features that were removed as part of the CLI effort. Full ODBC was later ported back to those platforms, and became a de facto standard considerably better known than CLI. The CLI remains similar to ODBC, and applications can be ported from one platform to the other with few changes.
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