Dr Valur Ingimundarson - Conference of Parliamentarians of the
... prism, even if they are different in many respects. The former is consistent with the UNCLOS and the latter is the first normative agreement negotiated by the Arctic Council. Both accomplishments can be explained as step-by-step processes—through interaction and dialogue—or issue-specific areas of c ...
... prism, even if they are different in many respects. The former is consistent with the UNCLOS and the latter is the first normative agreement negotiated by the Arctic Council. Both accomplishments can be explained as step-by-step processes—through interaction and dialogue—or issue-specific areas of c ...
in PDF - Arctic Council
... Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic, was signed in Nuuk, Greenland, at the 2011 Ministerial Meeting. The second, the Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic, was signed in Kiruna, Sweden, at the 2013 M ...
... Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic, was signed in Nuuk, Greenland, at the 2011 Ministerial Meeting. The second, the Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic, was signed in Kiruna, Sweden, at the 2013 M ...
the Report
... stability and peace in the Arctic Circle. These disputes are: between United States and Canada on the status of the Northern Passage, about the Hans Island (Denmark and Canada), regarding the Lomonosov Bridge between Canada, Denmark and Russia, and arguably most importantly regarding the maritime bo ...
... stability and peace in the Arctic Circle. These disputes are: between United States and Canada on the status of the Northern Passage, about the Hans Island (Denmark and Canada), regarding the Lomonosov Bridge between Canada, Denmark and Russia, and arguably most importantly regarding the maritime bo ...
Sustaining U.S. Security and Leadership in the Arctic NATO allies
... NATO allies recently recognized at the NATO Warsaw Summit that “there is an arc of insecurity and instability along NATO’s periphery and beyond.” For us, this reinforces the need to focus on a region of growing geostrategic and economic importance that deserves our increased attention – the Arcti ...
... NATO allies recently recognized at the NATO Warsaw Summit that “there is an arc of insecurity and instability along NATO’s periphery and beyond.” For us, this reinforces the need to focus on a region of growing geostrategic and economic importance that deserves our increased attention – the Arcti ...
Territorial claims in the Arctic
The Arctic consists of land, territorial waters, and international waters. All land and territorial waters in the Arctic belong to one of the five countries: Canada, Norway, Russia, Denmark (via Greenland), and the United States. International law regulates this area as with other portions of the Earth.Under international law, international waters including the North Pole and the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it, are not owned by any country. The five surrounding Arctic countries are limited to an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) adjacent to their coasts. The waters beyond the territorial waters of the coastal states are considered the ""high seas"" (i.e. international waters). The sea bottom beyond the exclusive economic zones and confirmed extended continental shelf claims are considered to be the ""heritage of all mankind"" and administered by the UN International Seabed Authority.Upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), a country has a ten-year period to make claims to an extended continental shelf which, if validated, gives it exclusive rights to resources on or below the seabed of that extended shelf area. Norway, Russia, Canada, and Denmark launched projects to provide a basis for seabed claims on extended continental shelves beyond their exclusive economic zones. The United States has signed, but not yet ratified the UNCLOS.The status of certain portions of the Arctic sea region is in dispute for various reasons. Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia, and the United States all regard parts of the Arctic seas as national waters (territorial waters out to 12 nautical miles (22 km)) or internal waters. There also are disputes regarding what passages constitute international seaways and rights to passage along them. There is one single disputed piece of land in the Arctic—Hans Island—which is disputed between Canada and Denmark because of its location in the middle of an international strait.